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Editors --- "Consolidated Index: Australian Indigenous Law Reporter Volume 4, 1999 - Digest" [1999] AUIndigLawRpr 56; (1999) 4(4) Australian Indigenous Law Reporter 153

Consolidated Index

Australian Indigenous Law Reporter
Volume 4, 1999

Abalone

customary rights 2:53-60
taking, in breach of regulations 2:53-60

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC)

CERD, submission to 2:134
functions 2:135
funding cuts to 2:110
ILC, representation on 2:109

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission Act 1989

report proposals 1:128-131
review of operation 1:125-131

Aboriginal and Tortes Strait Islander Land Fund

establishment of 2:109
origins 2:118

Aboriginal and Tortes Strait Islander peoples

international contact 3:63
rights 3:40

basic citizenship rights 3:40-41, 56-57
control over natural resources 3:40
cultural 3:40
distinct and unique 3:40, 41
international law 3:41

self determination 3:40, 42, 56, 94-95, 109
services, funding for 3:56-61

ATSIC 3:58
Commonwealth Grants Commission 3:59, 60
control 3:58
direct funding 3:59
grants based system 3:59
local government 3:59, 60
multiple sources 3:58
National Commitment process 3:58
negotiation of bilateral agreements 3:58
problems with existing arrangements 3:57
recommendations 3:61
review, proposal for 3:59-61
Royal Commission recommendations 3:57-58

socio-economic disadvantage 3:40, 57, 91, 109

health 3:42, 90-92

standard of living 3:59

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner

changes to functions of 2:135, 4:146

Aboriginal Benefits Reserve (ABR)

NT Aboriginal Council, administration by 1:142
operations 1:141-142

Aboriginal customary law 3:5

descent from original inhabitants, proving 1:106-112
place within Australian law 1:6

Aboriginal housing

Aboriginal Housing Act 1998 (NSW) 2:92

contents 2:92
objects 2:94
registration of housing organisations 2:99
saving and transitional provisions 2:105

Aboriginal Housing Fund 2:101

Aboriginal Housing Office (AHO)

chairperson 2:103
constitution of 2:95, 102
delegation of functions 2:97
establishment 2:92
functions 2:95
housing agreements 2:98
management of 2:100
members 2:92

disclosure of pecuniary interests 2:104
terms of office 2:103
vacancy in office 2:103

procedure 1:102, 2:104

Aboriginal land

application of NT laws to 1:144-145
compulsory acquisition powers over 1:143-144

Aboriginal land claims see also Native title

Conservation Land Corporation land 1:149
Costs 3:30-38
Crown land 1:19-30, 3:28-29
effect of grant on land usage 1:35
historical association 1:32-33
intertidal zone 1:149
island no longer distinguishable 1:31-35
leave to appeal, application for 1:23
nature conservation, land needed for 3:28, 29
NT Land Corporation land 1:149
outstanding claims 1:148, 149
procedures 1:149
public interest litigation 3:31-32
responsibilities in relation to land 1:34-35
river banks and beds 1:148
seas and sea beds 1:149

Maori customary title 1:114-118

traditional affiliation 1:33

Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 (Cth)

effectiveness 1:138
impact 1:138
key definitions 1:6, 148
key provisions 1:6-8
land tenure system 1:7-8
mining industry, impact on 1:139-141
Minister, role of 1:153
Reeves Report 1:136-154

review of 1:1-18

traditional rights and interests 1:153

Aboriginal sacred sites

protection 1:150

Aboriginal tradition

definition 1:6

Aborigines Act 1905

prohibited area, proclamation of 1:68, 87

extinguishment of native title 1:68, 87

Access

Aboriginal reserves 1:151

Agreements

mediation see National Native Title Tribunal
regional see Regional agreements

Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act 1971 3:50

Australian Constitution 3:44

possibilities for change 3:47-48

American Indian

dependent Indian communities, meaning .... 1:119
Indian country, meaning 1:119
revocation of reservation 1:119-120

Federal set-aside requirements 1:119-120

Anindilyakwa Land Council

Reeves' proposals, effect on 1:8, 12, 13, 14

Appropriation of Indigenous culture

arts and cultural expression 3:6
cultural property 3:6-7
cultural resources 3:7
new technology, effect 3:7
patenting of life forms 3:7

Biological diversity

access to biological resources 4:23-24
bioprospecting 4:2

contracts 4:24-26
patents 4:21-22

Convention 4:2, 3-4
education and training 4:136-137
Healing Forest Conservancy 4:24-26
indigenous protected areas 4:134-136
national park management see National parks
negotiating rights under agreement 4:128
traditional knowledge, protection of 4:1-32

contracts and agreements 4:24-26
equitable benefit sharing 4:23-24
intellectual property rights 4:11-22
patents 4:15-22
sui generis approaches 4:26-30

what is 4:2
WWF/Indigenous Nations Biodiversity Conservation Project 4:139-142

Bringing Them Home Report 3:67-116

Follow Up Project 3:67-116

list of meetings and participants 3:99-101
methodology 3:72-73
objects 3:71-72
outlook 3:98-99
purpose and form of report 3:71

governments' responses to recommendations

access to records 3:84-90
apologies 3:80-81
child welfare and juvenile justice 3:96-97
compensation 3:83-84 contemporary separation, issues of ....3:94-97
coordination between governments 3:80
counselling 3:88-89
cross-portfolio coordination 3:75
divisions of responsibilities 3:78, 98-99
education and training 3:93-94

professionals and public servants 3:94

schools 3:93-94

funding specifications 3:74
Genocide Convention 3:96
health care 3:90-92
implementation, monitoring 3:75-76, 98
indigenous communities, involvement 3:76-77
Link-Ups 3:89-90
national legislation 3:78-79
necessity of action 3:77-80
oral history projects 3:81-82
overview 3:73-80
progress 3:73-74
record keeping 3:84-90

destruction of records, prohibition 3:88

self-determination and social justice ....3:94-95
statements of regret 3:80-81
structure 3:75
summary 3:67-70
themes 3:75-77

overview 3:71
recommendations 3:102-113

Canada

indigenous constitutional reform 3:45-46
Northwest Territories see Northwest Territories
regional agreements 3:51-52

Cape York Heads of Agreement 2:23

Cedar Bay National Park

land claim 1:132

Chelan Agreement 2:13

goals and principles 2:14
negotiation process 2:13

Class of activity

definition 2:40, 46, 54

Co-management

Australia, in 2:3
consultative management, distinguished 2:4
definition 2:4
national parks see National parks

Collective Human Rights of the Pacific Peoples Conference

conference statement 2:133

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner

changes to functions of 2:135
amendments to Native Title Act 2:134, 4:144-146
ATSIC submission to 2:134
Australia's nine periodic reports to 2:134
decision on Australia 2:140
draft decision on Australia 4:148
early warning/urgent action procedure by 2:134

Community living areas

native title claims 1:151-152

Compulsory acquisition

native title, effect on 1:36, 38, 45, 68
powers over Aboriginal land 1:143-144

Conditional purchase lease

extinguishment of native title 1:66

Convention on Biological Diversity 4:2, 3-4

Copyright 3:8-11, 61

authorship 3:9
biological knowledge 4:15
deceased and unknown authors 3:8
legislation 3:9-11, 4:122
moral rights 3:8-9, 4:122 protection of indigenous
culture 3:8-11, 61, 4:118, 122
publication 3:8
traditional knowledge 4:15

Criminal law

defences to assault and property damage 2:29-37

Crown

fauna, Crown ownership of 2:38-52

Crown grants

extinguishment of native title 1:64-66
conditional purchase lease 1:66
exploration lease 1:66
freehold grant 1:36, 64-65
mining lease 1:66
pastoral lease 1:65
reserves 1:66-67
special lease 1:65
types 1:64-66

Crown land

Aboriginal land claim 1:19-30
claimable, whether 1:19-30
definition 1:19, 20, 27-30
land that becomes 1:27
Real Property Act 1900 1:26-27
sale or lease, reserved from 1:20-23, 25

Crown Lands Consolidation Act 1913

claimable, whether land is 1:19-30
definition of Crown land 1:19, 20, 27-30
scheme of 1:25-26

Custom

common law recognition of 2:53-60
definition 2:59

Declarations

extinguishment of native title 1:68

Defences

authorisation by native title right 2:29-37
honest claim of right 2:29-37

Descent from original inhabitants

proving, in native title claim 1:98-100

known ancestors 1:104-106
original lands 1:100-104
traditional laws and customs 1:106-112

Designs

protection of indigenous designs 4:119, 122-123

Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 3:41, 4:27

Environmental management agreements

co-management in Australia 2:3

goals 2:24

indigenous North Americans 2:1-28

Chelan Agreement 2:13

goals and principles 2:14

negotiation process 2:13

co-management concept 2:2
fish 2:5
funding 2:11
legal and historical background 2:5
lessons for Australia 2:22
Sustainable Forestry Roundtable negotiations 2:16
Timber-Fish-Wildlife (TFW) Agreement 2:8

negotiation process 2:9

reconciliation through 2:24

Evidence

Maori customary title claim 1:114
native title, application for determination 1:60-61, 69-70, 96-97

boundaries, proof of 1:62-63
connection at acquisition of property 1:61
descent from original inhabitants, proving 1:98-100
elements of proof 1:61-62
identifiable community with ancestral connections 1:62
substantial maintenance of connection ....1:61

Exploration lease

extinguishment of native title 1:66

Expressions of indigenous culture 3:2

appropriation 3:6
definition 3:3-4, 144
economic benefits 3:6
elements of 3:4-5
nature of 3:4
new technology, effect 3:7
protection see also Protection of

indigenous cultures
copyright laws 3:9-11
need for 3:6

Extinguishment of native title 1:63-69, 77-80, 82-88, 94, 112-113, 2:84, 91

acquisition by Crown 1:38, 45, 68
adverse domain 1:63, 67
appeal, grounds 1:36, 38
by-laws, application of 1:67
clear and plain intention 1:63, 78
conditional purchase lease 1:66
conservation of wildlife and fauna 1:69, 85-87
creation of reserves 1:66
exploration lease 1:66
fee simple, grant of 1:36, 37, 42-45, 51-58
freehold grant 1:36, 64-65, 94
inconsistency of rights 1:63, 64, 67, 78
injunctions 1:41-43, 48-50
interlocutory relief 1:49-50
lakes 1:69, 88
lease granted under Western Lands Act 1901 1:91
legislation 1:69
Limitations Act 1935(WA) 1:69, 84
Mabo decision 1:52-55
Maori customary title 1:114
mining lease 1:66
National Park (Keep River) 1:67-68
Native Title Act case 1:39-40
non-recognition, distinguished 1:84
onus of proof 1:64, 82-83
Ord River District, proclamation of 1:68
partial 1:63
pastoral lease 1:65
permanency 1:56-58
proclamations and declarations 1:68
prohibited area under Aborigines Act 1905 1:68, 87
quarantine area, declaration of 1:68, 87
regulation 1:64
reserves 1:66-67. 83-84
resumption by Crown 1:68-69
revival when land acquired by Crown 1:45
roads 1:68
special lease 1:65
third party rights, exercise of 1:63
townsite, declaration of 1:68
validation under Native Title Act 1:64
vesting of reserve 1:66, 83-84
Wik decision 1:56, 57
wildlife conservation 1:69, 85-87

Fauna

Crown ownership of 2:38-52
taking without licence 2:38-52

Fee simple, grant of

authority of court 1:52-53
effect 1:43-45
extinguishment of native title 1:36, 37, 43-45, 51-58
validity 1:52

Fishing

administrative regulation 2:87
legislation 2:87
public right of 2:87
rights 1:153

Folklore

definition 3:2
expressions of, protection 3:9-10
protection 3:1. 2-3
use of term 3:2

Foreshore

Maori customary title 1:114-118

Forestry

Sustainable Forestry Roundtable

environmental management regime 2:17
negotiations 2:16

Freehold grant

Aboriginal corporation, to 1:64
Crown to Crown 1:64
extinguishment of native title 1:36, 37, 64-65, 94
future act processes, non-compliance 1:65
validation of past acts 1:65

Future act regime 3:129-137

mediation see National Native Title Tribunal
overview 3:129

Ganalbingu people 3:5

customary law 3:5

Hawaii

native Hawaiian rights 4:69-72

trespass by person claiming to exercise 4:69-72

Heritage protection 2:118

Housing see Aboriginal housing

Human rights

indigenous peoples, enjoyment by 3:40
international law 3:41

Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) 3:67

statutory obligations 3:71

Hunting

class of activity 2:40, 46
definition 2:46

Indigenous children

best interest 3:110
Indigenous Child Placement Principle 3:111
juvenile justice 3:96-97, 111-113
national standards 3:110
removal see Stolen generation

National Inquiry into see Bringing Them Home Report

welfare 3:96-97

Indigenous culture

appropriation 3:6-7
arts, use without consent 3:6
cultural material

new technology, effect 3:7

cultural property

dispersal 3:6-7
repatriation 3:6-7

cultural resources appropriation 3:7

exploitation 3:6. 7

customary laws

colonisation, effect of 3:11-12
constitutions 3:12
proof of title 3:12
protection of traditional culture 3:11, 12
recognition 3:11-12
traditional copyright 3:12

expressions of see Expressions of indigenous culture
preservation 3:6
protection 3:1, 6
what is 3:2

Indigenous Land Corporation (ILC)

annual report of 2:109
ATSIC representation on 2:109
board 2:109
chairman, report from 2:109
Commonwealth statutory authority 2:109
divestments 2:114

title, of 2:120

establishment 2:109, 118
indigenous business, inquiry into 2:119
land acquisition on behalf of indigenous peoples 2:109, 111
land management policy 1997-99 2:115
land needs planning 2:119
land purchases 2:112
management of indigenous-held land 2:111, 114

service agreements 2:116

operations 2:111
pastoral land in the indigenous estate 2:115, 120
policy issues and challenges 2:117
primary responsibilities 2:109, 111
proposals to purchase land 2:109
publications 2:112
sub-regional land needs planning 2:114
submissions to government inquiries 2:117

Indigenous land use agreements

Native Title Act, under 2:3
negotiation protocol 1:121-124
Walgalu and Wiradjuri people, Tumut Brungle Local Aboriginal Land Council and Adelong Consolidated Gold Mines 1:121-124

Indigenous protected areas 4:134-136

IPA program 4:135

Injunction

native title, protection of 1:41-43, 48-50

Intellectual property 3:8-11

biological knowledge 4:11-22
breach of confidence 4:119
codes of ethics 4:130-131
collecting systems 4:127-128
collective administration system 3:14
copyright 3:8-11, 61, 4:118

authorship 3:9
biological knowledge 4:15
deceased and unknown authors 3:8
legislation 3:9-11, 4:122
moral rights 3:8-9
publication 3:8

cultural heritage law 4:119-120
cultural infrastructure 4:128-129
Designs Act 4:119, 122
indigenous certification mark 4:127
indigenous cultural and intellectual property

commercial value 4:116-117
legislative protection 4:118-121
recognition of rights 4:117-118
what is 4:115-116

legislation, inadequacies with 3:10-11
Mutawintji National Park 4:107
negotiating rights under agreement 4:128
passing off 4:119
patents 4:15-22. 119
plant breeders rights 4:22, 123
policy development 4:129-130
resale royalty 4:127
trade marks 4:119, 123-124
traditional knowledge A:11-22

copyright 3:9-11, 4:15
patents 4:15-22

TRIPS Agreement (1994) 3:13, 4:14-15
WIPO 4:27-28

International indigenous work 3:61-66

Australian policy makers, relevance for 3:63-64
history 3:62-63
World Council of Indigenous Peoples 3:62, 63

International law

indigenous rights recognised in 3:41

Intertidal zone 1:149

Island

land claim where no longer distinguishable 1:31-35

Kakadu National Park

joint management 4:74-75
Plan of Management 4:96-97

Keep River National Park

extinguishment of native title 1:67-68

leases 1:67-68
validation of past acts 1:68
vesting 1:68

Lakes

extinguishment of native title 1:69, 88
Lake Kununurra and Lake Argyle, creation of 1:88

Land Tribunals

report on operations for 1997-98 1:132-135

Land Trusts 1:136

inalienable freehold title 1:152-153
replacing with Regional Land Councils 1:1, 2, 137

Land use agreements see Indigenous land use agreements

Landcare

initiation of 2:3

Lawn Hill National Park

land claim 1:132

Lease

Western Lands Act 1901, under

extinguishment of native title 2:91

Legislation

extinguishment of native title 1:69

Licence

fauna, to take 2:38-52

Limitations Act 1935 (WA)

extinguishment of native title 1:69, 84

Mabo decision

extinguishment of native title 1:52-55
government response

Indigenous Land Fund,

establishment 3:39, 41

Native Title Act 1993, enactment 3:39, 41
social justice package 3:39

Reeves Report view 1:9-12
significance 3:42, 4:6

Maori customary title

appeal against determination 1:114-118
foreshore and seabed 1:114-118

Maori Appellate Court

jurisdiction 1:114
specialist nature 1:115

Maori Land Court

jurisdiction 1:114

specialist nature 1:115

Mediation

native title applications see

National Native Title Tribunal

role of mediators in negotiation process 2:26

Minerals

sea-bed, in, native title right to 2:61, 89

Mining

future act regime 3:129-137
lease, validity 3:17, 18
negotiation of agreement 4:41-55, 56-63
notice to native title party of intention to carry out

requirements 4:67-68
service 4:68
validity 4:6468

summary determination, objection to 4:64-68

Mining company

indigenous land use agreement,

negotiation protocol for 1:121-124

Mining industry

Aboriginal Land Rights (NT) Act,

impact on 1:139
operation of provisions 1:140-141

Mining tenements

extinguishment of native title 1:66
negotiation in good faith 4:56-63
validity 3:17. 18

Mutawintji National Park

Board of Management 4:103-104
intellectual property 4:107
joint management 4:103-104
lease 4:98-107
Minister's powers 4:102-103
World Heritage issues 4:103-104

National Commitment to Improved Outcomes in the Delivery of Programs and Services for Aboriginal Peoples and Torres Strait Islanders 3:58

National Indigenous Working Group on Stolen Children 3:72, 73

National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families see Bringing Them Home Report

National Native Tide Tribunal

community education 3:139-140

research and information 3:140

cultural and customary concerns of indigenous people, addressing 3:140-142
effectiveness 3:117-142
future act applications

agreements 3:131-133

Bauxite mines (Old) 3:132

Century Zinc project (Old) 3:131

Gawler Craton (SA) 3:133

Gold Mine (NSW) 3:131-132

Mining Code of Conduct (Old) 3:132

number of 3:133

Striker Resources exploration project (Kimberley WA) 3:132

Tjupan Ngalia agreement (Goldfields WA) 3:132-133

assistance 3:124
development and application of procedures 3:133-134
Koara determination 3:135-136
mediation 3:130-137

approach of State and Territory governments 3:134-137

Kimberley diamond exploration 3:130

New South Wales 3:136

Northern Territory 3:136

Queensland 3:136

South Australia 3:136

stakeholder liaison 3:134

Tasmania 3:137

Victoria 3:136-137

Western Australia 3:134-136

native title applications

ability to reject 3:121
acceptance test 3:121
agreements 3:118

components 3:124

definition 3:123

number of 3:122-124

Spinifex Framework Agreement 3:127

assistance to applicants 3:121-122, 124
development and application of procedures 3:120-122
mediation 3:117, 118-129

approach of State and Territory governments 3:125-129

Australian Capital Territory 3:129

costs 3:119

New South Wales 3:129

Northern Territory 3:128-129

power imbalances 3:124-125

Queensland 3:128

Rubibi Working Group 3:127-128

South Australia 3:126

time frames 3:121-122

Victoria 3:129

Western Australia 3:126-127

negotiation process 3:123, 124
non-claimant 3:124
notification 3:121
overlapping 3:124
referral to Federal Court 3:119-120
right to negotiate process 3:124

registration of land use agreements with 2:3
role as mediator

future act mediations 3:130
native title applications 3:118-120

stakeholder liaison 3:137-139

culture studies 3:139
customer feedback 3:137-138
State Liaison Committees 3:138-139

National parks

Cedar Bay, land claim 1:132
joint management of 2:3. 4:73-76, 132-134

goals and concepts 4:73-74
Kakadu 4:74-75
Kruger (South Africa) 4:109-114
Mutawintji, lease 4:105
Uluru-Kata Tjuta 4:74

Kakadu

joint management 4:74-75
Plan of Management 4:96-97

Keep River,

extinguishment of native title 1:67-68
leases 1:67-68
validation of past acts 1:68
vesting 1:68

Kruger (South Africa), land restitution agreement 4:108-114
Lawn Hill, land claim 1:132
Mutawintji, lease 4:98-107
sustainable development 4:73
Uluru-Kata Tjuta

Draft Plan of Management 4:77-95
joint management 4:74

Native title

abalone, taking 2:53-60
application for determination 1:59-90, 91-113

boundaries, proof of 1:62-63
descent from original inhabitants, proving 1:98-112
elements of proof 1:61-62
evidence 1:60-61, 69-70, 96-112
form 1:94
known ancestors 1:104-106
order 1:89
original lands 1:100-104
outline of cases 1:80
proof of traditional title 1:93
traditional laws and customs 1:106-112
trial 1:95-96

claims see Native Title claims
community living areas 1:151-152
content 1:60, 70-80
defence of authorisation by native title right 2:29-37
definition 2:40
extinguishment see Extinguishment of native title
'fatal flaws' in claims 1:46-48
fishing rights 1:153
future act regime 3:17, 18
group in which vested 1:80-82
Hawaiian native rights 4:69-72
holder, defined 2:41
holders as 'owners' 3:17
ILC submissions on 2:117
inalienable title 1:152-153
indigenous inhabitants only, rights for 3:20, 23
injunctive protection 1:41-43, 48-50
Land and Environment Court, jurisdiction 3:17
meaning of 1:70-75, 91-92

Native Title Act, effect on 1:75-80

Maori see Maori customary title
offshore, recognition of 2:61
recognition of 2:68
revival when land acquired by Crown 1:45
right to negotiate 1:41-43
sea and sea-bed, to 2:61
sharing 1:63
system of 2:73
taking fauna without licence 2:38-52
traditional rights and interests 1:153-154
Waanyi case 1:46-48

Native Title Act 1993 (Cth)

amendments 2:134, 4:144-146
discriminatory, whether 3:20, 23
offshore application of 2:67
Racial Discrimination Act, inconsistency with 3:20, 23
traditional knowledge, protection under 4: 6-11

Native title claims

application

amendment of 3:26
registration 3:121
requirements 3:26

claims to Land Tribunals for 1997-98 1:132-134
factual basis 4:34-35
jurisdiction of court 4:36
matters for consideration 4:34-35
mediation see National Native Title Tribunal
review 4:33-40

appeal distinguished 4:33
legislative provision for 4:35-36
meaning 4:36-39

Native Title Representative Bodies (NTRBs)

advice by 2:118
resource problems 2:118

Negotiation

cultural and intellectual property rights 4:128
future act regime 3:129-137, 4:56
good faith requirement 4: 41, 52, 56-63
mining agreement 4:41-55, 56-63
processes

ground rules 2:25
legislative provisions 4:45-49, 58, 59
maintaining the agreement 2:27
negotiation culture 2:26
relationship building 2:25
representation issues 2:24
role of mediators 2:26
style of decision-making 2:26
type of agreement 2:26

regional agreements see Regional agreements
right to negotiate 3:129, 130, 4:145

Northern Territory

limits of 2:70
statehood 1:151

Northern Territory Aboriginal Council (NTAC)

Aboriginal Benefits Reserve, administration by 1:142
governance of Aboriginal land by 1:2, 7
overseeing role 1:7, 12, 16
Reeves' proposals for 1:1, 2, 7, 12, 16, 137, 141

Northern Territory Government

transfer of power to, Reeves proposals 1:1-2

Northwest Territories (Canada)

aboriginal rights in 2:124
Charter of Rights 2:126
commitments to negotiate self-government 2:129
companion self government agreement 2:124
Constitutional Working Group (CWG) 2:123

consultations on partners 2:126

findings of 2:127

principles and objectives 2:125
what is 2:124

Federal Government

policy of 2:126
role and perspective of 2:129

government to government consultations 2:130
indigenous Inuit, Dane Indians and Metis 2:123
inherent right of self-government 2:128

Aboriginal Summit's principles on 2:125

key constitutional issues 2:128
new system of government

affordability 2:130
workability 2:130

political and constitutional uncertainty 2:123

Nunavut

Inuit-peopled areas 2:123

Offshore

boundaries 2:68
Native Title Act, application of 2:67

Onus of proof

extinguishment of native title 1:64, 82-83

Palau delegation 3:4, 5

Passing off

indigenous material 4:119

Pastoral lease

exercise of rights by lessee 1:65
extinguishment of native title 1:65
Native Title Act amendments 4:145
permit to occupy Crown reserve 1:65

Patents

biological knowledge 4:15-22
bioprospecting 4:21-22
challenges to 4:18
criteria for patentability 4:16-17
indigenous material 4:119, 123
opposition to 4:18
product of nature doctrine 4:20-21
public knowledge 4:19
traditional knowledge 4:15-22

Permits and access

Aboriginal reserves 1:151

Pharmaceutical industry

bioprospecting 4:2, 21-22
traditional knowledge, use of 4:1-32

Proclamations

extinguishment of native title 1:68

Protection of indigenous cultures 3:1, 6, 61

appellation of origin 3:13
authenticity label 3:15
awareness strategies 4:131
codes of ethics 3:15-16, 4:130-131
contracts 3:15
cultural infrastructure 4:128-129
database and registration systems 3:14
heritage laws 3:11
immigration laws 3:13
indigenous certification mark 4:127
industrial property laws 3:9
intellectual property see Intellectual property
international debate, Pacific position 3:144-145
language maintenance 3:14
legal measures 3:8-13
legislation 4:118-121

amendments 4:122-125

museums and archives 4:120, 124
national archives 3:13-14
national policy development 3:15
negotiating rights under agreement 4:128
non-legal measures 3:13
policy development 4:129-130
protocols 3:15-16
recognition of customary laws 3:11-12
regional harmonisation 3:145
resale royalty 4:127
research agreements 3:15
sui generis approaches 4:26-30, 125
traditional knowledge see Traditional knowledge
Treaty of Waitangi 3:13
trusts3:1 2-13

Quarantine area

extinguishment of native title 1:68, 87

Queensland Land Tribunals

report on operations 1:132-134

Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth)

Native Title Act, inconsistency with 3:20, 23

Reconciliation

co-management, through 2:24

Regional agreements 3:49-56, 126

Aboriginal control over land use, sea use and development 3:54
Aboriginal local government,
strengthening of : 3:54
Australia, in 3:53-54
benefits 3:55
definition 3:49
effectiveness, important factors 3:52-53
federal government, role of 3:54-55
funding of Aboriginal organisations 3:54
international experience 3:50-53

Greenland 3:51
Northern Canada 3:51-52

native title claims, settlement of 3:53-54
need for 3:49-50
pastoral leases 3:54
recommendations 3:55-56
resource development 3:54
trigger for 3:53

Reeves Report 1:136-154

background to review 1:147
key recommendations 1:1
land tenure system 1:3-5
Mabo decision 1:9-12
review of 1:1-18
Woodward Report compared 1:2-6

Regional Land Councils

Land Trusts, replacing 1:1, 2, 137
Reeves' proposals for 1:1, 12-17,141, 145-147
role structure and resource needs 1:145-147

Reserves

American Indian

dependent Indian communities, meaning 1:119
revocation of reservation 1:119-120

extinguishment of native title 1:66-67, 83-84

creation 1:66
leases and licences 1:67
purpose and use 1:67
vesting 1:66, 83-84
permits and access 1:151

Resumption by Crown

extinguishment of native title 1:68-69

Review

native title claim 4:33-40

Right to negotiate 1:41-43

River beds and banks

land claims 1:148

Roads

extinguishment of native title 1:68

Sacred sites

protection 1:150

Sea and sea-bed

Aboriginal land claims 1:149
Maori customary title 1:114-118
minerals, right to 2:61, 89
native title application to 2:61

Sea fisheries regulations

taking abalone in breach of 2:53-60

Selfdetermination

NT Aboriginal Council, proposal for 1:1, 2,7
Reeves' proposals, effect on 1:1-18

Social justice initiatives

constitutional reform 3:44-49

Canada 3:45-46, 48
negotiation 3:49
strategic options 3:48

framework 3:41-43
indigenous identity and culture, maintaining 3:43
international connections 3:61-66
need for 3:39
recognition of indigenous rights 3:42, 44-45
regional agreements see Regional agreements
rights-based policy 3:40, 41, 50

Sorry Day 3:68, 80, 81

statement 3:102

South Africa

Kruger National Park 4:108-114
land restitution agreement 4:108-114
Makuleke Region, management 4:108-114

Special lease

conditions 1:65
extinguishment of native title 1:65

Stolen generation see also Bringing Them Home Report

access to records 3:84-90, 106

assistance 3:86-88
fees 3:86

apologies to 3:80-81, 103
assistance to return to country 3:104
compensation 3:83-84, 104-105

National Compensation Fund 3:105

counselling 3:88-89, 109
Link-Ups 3:89-90
National Inquiry see Bringing Them Home Report
reparation 3:103
Sorry Day 3:68, 80, 81, 104

statement 3:102

Sustainable Forestry Roundtable

environmental management regime 2:17
negotiations 2:16

Symposium on the Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Expressions of Indigenous Cultures in the Pacific Islands

declaration 3:16, 143
outcomes 3:16, 143
recommendations 3:145-146
report on 3:1-16

Ten Point Plan 2:110

Timber-Fish-Wildlife (TFW) Agreement 2:8

goals 2:10
negotiation process 2:9

Tiwi Land Council

Reeves' proposals, effect on 1:7-8, 12, 13, 14

Trade marks

indigenous material 4:119, 123-124

Traditional Aboriginal owners

Aboriginal Land Commissioner, ascertained by 1:6
anthropological view 1:8
definition 1:6, 148

Traditional knowledge 3:2, 4:5-6

appropriation 3:6-7
authorisation to use 3:5
biological diversity 4:1-32
common knowledge, distinguishing from 4:11
definition 3:3-4, 144
economic benefits 3:6
elements of 3:4
dispossession and loss 4:11
intellectual property rights 4:11-22
Native Title Act, protection under 4: 6-11
nature of 3:4-5
new technology, effect 3:7
patents 4:15-22
pharmaceutical industry, use by 4:1-32
protection see also Protection of indigenous cultures

biological products 4:1-32
contracts and agreements 4:24-26
copyright laws 3:9-11
equitable benefit sharing 4:23-24
intellectual property rights 4:11-22
international debate, Pacific position 3:144-145
need for 3:6
patents 4:15-22
regional harmonisation 3:145
sui generis approaches 4:26-30

secrecy 4:10

Traditional rights and interests

common law recognition of 2:38-52, 53-60
what are 1:153

Trespass

Hawaiian claiming native rights 4:69-72

TRIPS Agreement (1994) 3:13, 4:14-15

United States

native Hawaiian rights 4:69-72
Washington State see Washington State

Uluru-Kate Tjuta National Park

Board of Management vision 4:91-92
vision 4:78-79
Draft Plan of Management 4:77-95
joint management 4:74, 92-95
World Heritage listing 4:89

UNESCO Recommendation on the Safeguarding of Traditional Culture and Folklore 1989 (the UNESCO Recommendation) 3:1

minimal awareness 3:2
principles and measures 3:1-2

UNESCO-WIPO Model Provisions for National Laws for the Protection of Folklore Against Illicit Exploitation and Other Prejudicial Actions (the Model Provisions) 3:1, 2-3,41:30

United Nations Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD)

Australia's ratification of 2:134
Committee on see Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

Walgalu and Wiradjuri people

agreement with Tumut Brungle Local Aboriginal Land Council and Adelong Consolidated Gold Mines 1:121-124

Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 (WA)

extinguishment of native title 1:69, 85-87

Washington State

indigenous negotiation of co-operative environmental management agreements 2:1-28

Chelan Agreement 2:13

goals and principles 2:14

negotiation process 2:13

co-management concept 2:2
fish 2:5
funding 2:11
legal and historical background 2:5
lessons for Australia 2:22
Sustainable Forestry Roundtable
negotiations 2:16
Timber-Fish-Wildlife (TFW) Agreement 2:8
negotiation process 2:9

Western Lands Act 1901

lease under, extinguishment of native title 2:91

Wildlife protection see also Biological diversity

education and training 4:136-137
indigenous protected areas 4:134-136
national parks co-management 4:132-134
WWF/Indigenous Nations Biodiversity Conservation Project 4:139-142

WIPO-UNESCO Regional Consultation on the Protection of Expressions of Folklore for Countries of Asia and the Pacific 3:147-148

Woodward Report

land rights system 1:3
Reeves Report compared 1:2-6

WWF/lndigenous Nations Biodiversity Conservation Project

scoping study 4:139-142

Yolngu clans

Gove Land Rights case 1:9-12
Land Council, establishing 1:15-17

Zero Tolerance Policing (ZTP)

criticisms 3:114-115
definition 3:114
implications for indigenous people 3:114-116
increased criminalisation 3:115
international human rights standards, contrary to 3:116
Northern Territory 3:116
Royal Commission recommendations, contrary to 3:115