Grenada - Combined initial, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th periodic reports of states parties [2011] UNCEDAWSPR 11; CEDAW/C/GRD/1-5 (13 April 2011)

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Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

Combined initial, second, third, fourth and fifth periodic reports of States parties

1. The Government of Grenada expressed its commitment to the attainment of gender equality when it signed to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women on July 17, 1980 and ratified it on August 30, 1990. This document captures the initial report, as well as the second, third, fourth and fifth periodic reports, and therefore captures the period 1990 to 2007.

2. As one of the smallest states in the world, Grenada is vulnerable to economic, political and climatic shocks. However, its people are committed to equitable development. The movement towards the empowerment of women and elimination of discrimination has been steady over the last three to four decades, but further advances are necessary. The Government of Grenada continues to recognize the need for gender equality and gender mainstreaming, and is committed to ensuring and speeding up the full and equal participation of women at all levels and all sectors of the society.

3. Grenada is located 12 07 North 60 40 West. It is the southernmost island of the Windward Islands, part of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean and 100 miles north of Venezuela in South America. Its closest neighbours are Trinidad and Tobago to the South, St Vincent and the Grenadines to the North and Barbados to the North East.

4. The State of Grenada is comprised of three main islands: Grenada, Carriacou and Petite Martinique. Carriacou is the largest of the Grenadine Islands, which, together with Petite Martinique, and several smaller islets, lies North-North-East of mainland Grenada. Other small islands are also located along the rugged coastline of Grenada (See map 1). Altogether, the islands of the State of Grenada have an area of 344 square kilometres (133 square miles), with the island of Grenada being 311 square kilometres (121 square miles).

5. Grenada and many of its dependencies are volcanic islands manifested by steep mountains and crater lakes. The hillsides on the eastern and southern sides of the island of Grenada are slightly less steep than those on the western side. The island of Grenada has a central mountain range spanning from the north to the south. Mt. St Catherine is the highest mountain, standing 833 metres or 2757 feet above sea level. Much of the island is covered by tropical rain forests with diverse flora and fauna.

6. Grenada enjoys a tropical climate marked by two seasons – the dry season from January to May, and the rainy season from June to December. The country lies within the hurricane belt, the hurricane season being from June to November annually. The temperature ranges from lows of 22C to highs of 32C, which are tempered by the prevailing winds, the North-east Trade Winds.

7. Grenada lies within Atlantic Standard Time year round. This is Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) minus four hours.

8. Grenada belongs to a currency union with the other OECS countries, and so shares the Eastern Caribbean Dollar (EC$ or XCD) which is pegged to the United States Dollar (US$ or USD) at a rate of US $1.00 to EC $2.70.

9. The population of Grenada has grown over the period. In 1991, the total population was 95,497 being 47,030 males and 48,467 females. The population in 2001 was 103,137: 51,380 males and 51,757 females (see table 1). By 2006, it was estimated as 106,604, comprised of 53,002 males and 53,602 females. The sex ratio at birth for 2006 was 98.7 males to every 100 females.

10. Just under 90 per cent of Grenadians are of Negro origin, 8 per cent are of mixed races and the remaining 2 per cent are of East Indian, Caucasian, or other races.

11. Grenada has a youthful population. Approximately 50 per cent of the population is under twenty-five years of age, and a further 12 per cent between twenty-five and thirty-four (table 2).

12. There are five towns in Grenada and one in Carriacou. The capital is the town of St George, which is located in the southern parish by the same name. For the purposes of statistics, only the capital of St George and its immediate environs are considered as urban, therefore the rest of the country is considered as rural.

13. The people reside mainly along the coastal areas, with clusters in the towns and many small villages. Most residences line the roadways. The parish of St. George, which boasts the main airport, the tourism belt and the capital town, is the most densely populated parish in the island, having over one third of the people residing within it (tables 3 and 4, and figure 1).

14. Grenada, internationally known as the Isle of Spice, has English as its official language.

15. The main religion in the country is the Christian religion. Based on the Population and Housing Census, 2001, 44 per cent of the people are Roman Catholics. The Anglican (Church of England), Pentecostal and Seventh Day Adventist denominations are approximately 11 per cent each and the remaining population belonging mainly to other Christian denominations. The minor religions include Rastafarianism and Islam.

16. Grenada is one of the smallest independent nations in the Western Hemisphere. It gained its independence from Great Britain on 7 February 1974, the first country in the OECS to accomplish this. From March 13, 1979 to October 25, 1983, the island was under revolutionary rule. The first coup d’Etat, in 1979, deposed the government led by Sir Eric Matthew Gairy of the Grenada United Labour Party (GULP) and installed Maurice Bishop of the Peoples Revolutionary Government (PRG) as Prime Minister. The second coup d’Etat, led by a faction within the PRG, caused the demise of the revolution on 19 October 1983. A few days later, on 25 October, the United States of America led an armed intervention that quelled the second coup resulting in the restoration of parliamentary democracy in Grenada.

17. Grenada has a bicameral Parliament, or legislature, reflecting the Westminster model. The Head of State of Grenada is the Queen of England, Queen Elizabeth II, who is represented on island by the Governor General. The Prime Minister is the Head of Government. Executive decisions and policies are made by a Cabinet of Ministers.

18. General elections are constitutionally due every five years. Using the first-past-the-post electoral system, fifteen Parliamentary Representatives of the Lower House, or House of Representatives, are elected. The thirteen members of the Upper House or Senate are appointed.

19. In addition to being a member of the United Nations, Grenada has membership in and maintains close relations with the following key regional and international bodies:

20. Grenada’s court system has the Magistrate’s Court as the court of summary jurisdiction, followed by the High Court, and the OECS Court of Appeal. The Privy Council of England, referred to in the Grenada Constitution as Her Majesty in Council, is the final court of appeal. Grenada is a member of the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), in its original jurisdiction, for matters specific to disputes relating to the Treaty of Chaguaramas (CARICOM).

21. The High Court is the Court of Original Jurisdiction for matters in relation to the allegations of contravention of the Constitution, except Section 1 which contains the Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, and other specified reservations.

22. The Gross Domestic Product in constant prices (1990) grew from EC$ 495.08 million in 1991 to EC$ 800.30 million in 2007. According to the Agency for Reconstruction and Development (ARD), “Grenada has had a relatively diversified economic structure, based on the contributions of agriculture, manufacturing, tourism, construction, communications, transportation and government.”^[1] The main foreign exchange earners, however, are tourism, remittances from abroad, agriculture and light manufacturing. It is worthy to note that the value of domestic exports has been on the decline for almost ten years, and that the tourism industry and other services, such as financial services, have replaced agriculture as the main industry in Grenada.

23. Grenada traditionally produced three main export crops: cocoa, nutmeg and bananas. The effects of the World Trade Agreements have eroded the export opportunities for bananas, while the nutmeg industry has not yet been able to recover after the passage of Hurricane Ivan. These, together with a general policy shift from an agriculture-based economy, have hurt the rural economy, which has relied heavily on the agricultural sector for formal and informal employment, as well as local food production. The Land Utilisation Survey done by the ARD shows that 71 per cent of the farms were less than five acres in size, 77 per cent of the farmers had not advanced beyond primary education and that two-thirds engaged in farming on a full-time basis. Overall, the value of agricultural products declined from EC$54.5 million in 2001 to EC$46.3 million in 2003, with both price and quantity showing volatility from 1998 to 2005.^[2]

24. In 1991, the overall participation rate was 52 per cent, with 67.6 per cent of males participating and only 38.2 per cent of the females participating. By 2005, the overall participation rate was 65.7 per cent, accounting for 72.5 per cent of the males and 59.1 per cent of the females (table 19). While participation by females grew more sharply, during the entire period, fewer females than males participated in the labour force.

25. Poverty is almost evenly distributed throughout the country, but highest in St Patrick, followed by St Mark’s and St George’s. The Poverty Assessment Report of 1999 indicated that 32 per cent of the population or 28.8 per cent of the households were living in poverty. 13 per cent of the population were classified as indigent.

26. Based on the Ministry of Finance (2006),^[3] unemployment is highest in the rural communities, among women, young people and the poor. It stated that “unemployment and underemployment are highest among the female population and a poor household is more likely to be headed by a female”. That same paper claimed that “the poverty profile will not be significantly improved from the 1999 assessment”.

27. The unemployment rate is generally twice as high for women as for men. The Labour Force Survey (1998) shows that the unemployment rate was 10.5 per cent among males and 21.2 per cent among females. The Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire (CWIQ) of 2005 confirms this trend, showing unemployment rates at 12.4 per cent among males and 26.3 per cent among females.

28. Grenada received a battering from Hurricane Ivan in September 2004, followed by further damage from Hurricane Emily in July 2005. These resulted in damages at a level surpassing other disasters globally.

29. Due to Hurricane Ivan alone, the economy suffered damages in excess of EC$ 2.4 billion, 200 per cent of the annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In addition, 89 per cent of the housing stock had been damaged of which 30 per cent required complete replacement. Further, the education and health sectors received major losses to their infrastructure and the indirect costs were also significant.^[4]

30. Such a major disaster affected women and men differently. Theoretically, it is expected that the most vulnerable persons and groups in any community would suffer most from disasters and feel the negative effects of them for longer periods. This phenomenon rang true for many women in Grenada in the post-Ivan reality.

31. Firstly, based on the 2005 budget speech presented by the Minister of Finance to the Grenada House of Representatives on 11 April 2005:

“Unemployment, which registered 13 per cent in the pre-Ivan period, increased sharply immediately after Ivan as many persons lost their jobs” (p. 6).

32. He identified that the major job losses were in the agriculture and tourism industries. Both of these traditionally employ large numbers of women. He further identified that eighty-nine per cent (89 per cent) of the housing stock, eighty-five per cent (85 per cent) of the schools and many churches and government buildings were damaged or destroyed. Not surprisingly, the Minister stated:

“The only sectors which demonstrated some level of buoyancy in the post-Ivan period were construction, mining and quarrying, and the Cruise Tourism sub-sector ...” (p. 6).

33. While the major job losses were to women in the hotels and restaurants sector and in the agriculture industry, the construction industry, which has traditionally been dominated by men, is where significant job opportunities were created. Therefore, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), “Women appear to be finding it more difficult than men to find new jobs ...” .^[5]

34. Secondly, the gender inequities that existed prior to the Hurricane caused unique vulnerabilities. The Gender Impact Assessment of Hurricane Ivan identifies several aspects of women’s susceptibility, among them are that:

“Women’s restricted skill base did not allow them to easily transfer from one productive sector to another to earn an income; the burden of care evident in their being responsible for children and the elderly, which with a reduced means of livelihood, caused hunger and despair ...” (p. vi).

35. The report also pointed out that the “disintegrating social capital”, such as day care centres, prevented some of the young mothers from earning an income and, coupled with precarious living conditions, some women “have found themselves forced to engage in peculiarly unequal relationships in order to sustain their families” (p. vi).

36. The hurricanes had serious effects on all persons and sectors of Grenada, but there were additional negative effects on the women.

37. Grenada is considered as a State with medium Human Development Index (HDI). In 2007, it ranked at 82nd in the world with an HDI of 0.777.

38. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women is regarded as many other international treaties in Grenada. It does not form part of national law directly, but it advises the development and amendment of law, the formation of policy and the design and implementation of programmes. Like other Treaties, the State has a binding obligation to observe and respect the Convention.

39. Grenada has not established a mechanism for receiving reports under the Convention, and no reports have been recorded.

40. The Prime Minister advises the Governor General on the appointment of Ministers of Government, and in so doing, appoints one of the Ministers with responsibility for Gender Affairs, formerly Women’s Affairs. The Ministers form Cabinet, the policy making body which, as the executive arm of Government, is responsible for directing the work of the implementation agencies, the Ministries.

41. At the ratification of the Convention, responsibility was with the Ministry of Women’s Affairs. In 1995, it was made a Department within the Ministry of Tourism, Civil Aviation and Culture. Further administrative changes in 1999 saw this Department moved to becoming the Division of Gender and Family Affairs within the Ministry of Social Development, where it is located to date. The changes, together with a restriction on staffing, saw a reduction in the capacity of the Division over the past decade.

42. The Division of Gender and Family Affairs in the Ministry of Social Development has responsibility for the implementation of the Convention. Its mission statement is that:

The Division of Gender and Family Affairs will ensure the development and implementation of policies, projects and programmes that will encourage equal participation of all persons in the process of national development.

43. The Division has been facing challenges. For several years, it has been without a Director/Senior Coordinator because, as the Division was moved from one Ministry to another, it was envisioned that the structure for supervision and planning would merge into the structure that existed in the Ministry of Social Development. This did not materialise, and has resulted in limited capacity and planning for the implementation and monitoring of activities and programmes for the advancement of women and addressing gender issues through gender mainstreaming. With the recognition of this, the Division has begun a process of strengthening by the addition of key personnel and a review of its operations and planning.

44. Grenada has a rich legacy of the active involvement of NGOs and other civil society organizations in the development process, especially in social development and social justice. Trade unionism, and organizations of employers and the business community, and the religious community are all active in influencing benefits for their constituents. In addition, there is an abundance of community based organizations and welfare groups and clubs.

45. The following organizations, which are described in this section, are central to the issues of the advancement of women and gender equality in Grenada:

46. In order to assist in the strengthening and functioning of the organizations and their specific projects, and recognising that they provide critical services, the Government of Grenada provides subventions to some of them, in varying amounts, to assist with their general operational costs.

47. At the ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women in 1990, there were several non-governmental women’s organizations, organizations with women’s committees, as well as organizations and agencies with programmes for women’s empowerment and children’s rights which together formed the Women’s Steering Committee. The Steering Committee had its beginnings in 1986, but was officially started in March 1989.

48. Seventeen agencies and organizations were involved: Agency for Rural Transformation, Baha’i Faith, Grenada Baptist Women’s Group, Grenada Nurses Association, Grenada Save the Children Fund, Grenada Homemakers Association, Grenada Community Development Agency, Grenada Council for the Disabled, Grenada Food and Nutrition Council, Grenada Planned Parenthood Association, Grenada Trade Union Council, Grenada Union of Teachers, Group of Concerned Women, International Women’s Club, National Children’s Home (Action for Children), Soroptimist International of Grenada, and Young Women’s Christian Association.

49. The Committee then determined that it was necessary to have a more focused, formal voice for women, and so, the Grenada National Organization of Women (GNOW) was launched. Having launched GNOW, the Steering Committee ceased to exist. In addition, over the years, two of the member groups, Group of Concerned Women and International Women’s Club, also closed, while several others operate as separate agencies.

50. GNOW was launched in 1995 and registered under the Companies Act in 1996. GNOW is the national umbrella women’s NGO. Its twelve member organizations are: Anglican Mothers Union, Bahai Faith, Grenada Homemakers Association, Grenada Netball Association, Grenada Nurses Association, Grenada Union of Teachers – Women’s Committee, Mt Royal, Mt D’or & Top Hill Women’s Group, Nzingha, Public Workers Union – Women’s Committee, Soroptimist International of Grenada, St Patrick’s Progressive Organisation of Women, and the Young Women Christian Association.

51. The Organization serves as both an advocate for women to Government and other sectors and an implementer of programmes for the advancement of women and gender equality. Over the years of operation, GNOW has strengthened its mandate and capacity. The mission statement of GNOW is: to create a change in the socialization and culture of power relations between women and men through sensitisation and action for equal participation in the household, the community, the workplace and in national life.

In addition, GNOW’s member organizations support its work as well as take action to fulfil their independent mandates.

53. Another key partner is the Legal Aid and Counselling Clinic (LACC) which is a project of an NGO, Grenada Community Development Agency (GRENCODA). It was set up in 1987 to offer legal and psychosocial support to its clients, predominantly impoverished women and their children.

54. LACC is a multidisciplinary clinic, which offers a wide range of services, including legal representation, public education, advocacy, legal research, as well as individual and group counselling. While LACC offers services on many legal and social issues, domestic violence is the most prevalent issue which clients seek support for. Two of its key programmes are Changes and Man to Man.

55. Man to Man is a batterers’ intervention programme. This programme is designed for perpetrators of domestic violence and is directed to men who are abusing their female partners. The programme depends largely on referrals from the courts.

56. Changes is LACC’s latest initiative to combat family violence. It is a psychosocial group programme for women who have been abused within the context of intimate sexual relationships.

57. The Programme for Adolescent Mothers (PAM) is another institution which supports the implementation of the Convention. PAM, a project established through the initiative of the Grenada National Coalition for the Rights of the Child (GNCRC) and managed by of a member NGO, GRENSAVE, is an institution that provides the opportunity for young mothers to continue their education after dropping out of the formal education system due to teenage pregnancy.

58. PAM began in 1994 through the support of UNICEF/UNFPA and the Government of Grenada. In April 1995, its doors were opened to the first group of young women. The programme is based on the successful model of its sister institution in Jamaica and is situated at the historical site of the Heritage House in Mt. Parnassus, St. George’s. The Programme for Adolescent Mothers currently includes two outreach satellites – in Gouyave, St. John’s and in Carriacou.

59. Over the years more than 400 young mothers aged 11–20 have passed through the programme. A significant percentage of PAM’s graduates are employed as nurses, caregivers, cosmetologists, social workers, secretaries, receptionists, clerks, waitresses, sales persons and media workers. Some graduates are self-employed. The mission statement of PAM is:

“To empower teenage mothers and pregnant adolescents by providing counselling and continuing education through an integrated programme of traditional academic subjects, skills, training, health and family life education and parenting and family planning; thus providing a bridge over which they can cross into a promising future.”

60. The work of the Grenada Planned Parenthood Association (GPPA) also supports the rights of women, particularly their reproductive rights. The association has its foundations in the birth control movement of the USA which spread through the Caribbean. Its purpose is:

To assist the people in Grenada to protect their families by limiting the number of children, through our making of information and treatment available to them.

62. The IAGDO is the umbrella grouping of development non-governmental organizations in Grenada. It was formed in 1988 with the objective of providing a united and collaborative approach to community development. The seven members of IAGDO are the Agency for Rural Transformation (ART), Grenada Community Development Agency (GRENCODA), Grenada Education and Development Programme (GRENED), Grenada National Council for the Disabled (GNCD), Grenada National Organization of Women (GNOW), Grenada Save the Children Development Agency (GRENSAVE) and New Life Organization (NEWLO).

63. One of the issues that the member agencies of IAGDO collaborate on is gender equality and the agencies seek to ensure that gender mainstreaming is done within their various programmes. These programmes include:

64. The Constitution of Grenada, which came into force on 7 February 1974, guarantees human rights of all persons. Chapter 1 of the Constitution has been regarded as the Human Rights Charter for Grenada, and article 1 states that:

Whereas every person in Grenada is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms, that is to say, the right, whatever his race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and freedoms of others and for the public interest, to each and all of the following, namely:

65. While the Constitution guarantees the fundamental human rights in general, it allows for limitations to ensure that the enjoyment of those rights does not encroach on the rights of others or negatively affect the public good.

66. The Constitution also prohibits discrimination by law and by persons acting as agents of the State. This is done in article 13 which also defines discrimination:

1. Subject to the provisions of subsections (4), (5) and (7) of this section, no law shall make any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect.

2. Subject to the provisions of subsections (6), (7) and (8) of this section, no person shall be treated in a discriminatory manner by any person acting by virtue of any written law or in the performance of the functions of any public office or any public authority.

3. In this section, the express ion “discriminatory” means affording different treatment to different persons attributable wholly or mainly to their respective descriptions by race, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex whereby persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to which persons of another such description are not made subject or are accorded privileges or advantages which are not accorded to persons of another such description.

67. The constitution identifies exceptions to the claim of discrimination. It lists financial rules and dealings with non-citizens as exceptions. It also recognizes that “affirmative discriminatory action to correct unacceptable inequalities and imbalances”^[6] would be permitted on the grounds of being socially acceptable. Article 13 further states:

4. Subsection (1) of this section shall not apply to any law so far as that law makes provision:

68. The Constitution and most of the laws of Grenada, especially the older ones, use the words “man” and “his”. It has become official translation, though, that they refer to the third person, the “human being”, without regard to sex. In fact, Section 3 (4) of the Interpretation and General Provisions Act, passed in 1989, states that:

In every written law, except where a contrary intention appears, words and expressions importing the masculine gender include females.”

69. The Constitution is the supreme law of the land. All laws and the operations of the State are bound by its provisions, but it does not provide for the private sector and the private sphere to be held accountable to it.^[7] While, the spirit of the Constitution sets the tone for the consciousness and value system of the people, there are many traditions and beliefs that exist within the communities that are not in accordance with the principle of equality enshrined in the constitution, hence the need for greater awareness/sensitization of the Convention and more action and relating to its full implementation.

70. An analysis entitled “Women and the Law in Grenada: an Examination of Key Areas” was undertaken in the period 1993 to 1994 by Mr. Christopher Nelson, who was then the Crown Counsel and now the Director of Public Prosecutions. The analysis presented several of the laws that existed, commented on them and proposed reform where necessary. The areas that were dealt with were:

71. The two laws which have been addressed since the review were the Status of Children Act (1991) which removes the distinction between legitimate and illegitimate children and the Domestic Violence Act (2001) which offers protection against family violence.

72. From 2000 to 2001, the Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action (CAFRA), in collaboration with LACC and with the support of Government, organized a series of training workshops for select police officers on the treatment of victims of domestic violence.

73. In 2001, Grenada passed the Domestic Violence Act which has the aim “to provide protection for victims of domestic violence and for matters connected therewith”. This Act provides for protection, occupation, and tenancy orders. These could either support or be independent of criminal charges, such as assault and attempted murder that can be filed under the Criminal Code. In 2006, the Domestic Violence Act was strengthened by the adoption and gazetting of Domestic Violence (Summary Procedure) Rules as Statutory Rules and Orders No. 13 of 2006 which provide various forms for applying and granting the orders provided for under the Act.

74. In 1999, the Government established a shelter for abused women and their children. The shelter aims to provide a safe and supportive environment for abused women and their children on a temporary basis while they are provided with services and other support to live free of violence. However, there are limitations to the services that can be offered: firstly, scarcity and/or non-allocation of human resources for psychosocial support of clients and residents; and secondly, the lack of economic support for the most vulnerable and impoverished clients when they leave the home.

75. In May 2003, the Domestic Violence Unit was set up within the Ministry of Social Development. This Unit is operational and functions with the objectives of:

76. The Domestic Violence Unit, however, functions with serious constraints. Firstly, it is staffed by only one person, and the range of duties makes it difficult for the programmes to be fully and satisfactorily implemented. Further, the position has not been made an established post under the Public Service Commission, so it is subject to the determination of the administration and the availability of the one person contracted to operate it.

77. For the smoother implementation of the Act, and in particular, the Statutory Rules and Orders, Magistrates Clerks were trained in 2007 to use the forms so that vulnerable victims may access the services without prohibitive costs associated with having a lawyer. However, there is some difficulty for them to adequately apply the procedures as the conditions under which they work do not normally allow for privacy with clients. In the mean time, the LACC, continues to fill the void by providing legal support to victims at minimal costs.

78. There are public policies and practices that discriminate against women. As an example, the form for the registration of children and issuing birth certificates makes no provision for the occupation of the mother to be identified, while at the same time it allows for the identification of the father’s occupation. Clearly, this was established from the traditional belief that women were not to be in the public sphere. Another example is that the Marriage Certificate does not require the name of the Mother of either spouse, but it does require the names of their fathers. These forms have not yet been modified.

79. One of the other situations where discrimination is practiced is in the Royal Grenada Police Force which differentiates between male and female Officers both in title and, in some cases, assignment. Female police officers carry an additional letter to their identification, such as “WPC” for “Woman Police Constable”, while the male officers are “PC” for “Police Constable”. The need to continue this system must be examined, and steps taken to address it.

80. The Government of Grenada has developed a Policy Paper entitled “Toward Gender Equality in the Police and Prison Service by 2009”. It recognized that in 2003, the participation of women in the Royal Grenada Police Force was 14 per cent and in the Prison Service, it was 16.7 per cent. The objective of the policy was stated as: mainstreaming of gender considerations in activities relating to those two institutions, and in so doing, enhance representation, bringing into focus the barriers that exist as well as considering ways to motivate women to a fuller awareness of the role which they can play in the named institutions.

81. The three strategies that were identified were: public statements about gender equality; ensuring gender balance in committees affecting the welfare of police and prison officers; and deliberate act to recruit more women. The target was to have the number of women in the police and prisons services reach a critical mass of 30 per cent by 2009.

82. Changes have been made to address some of the policies and practices that discriminate against women. Over the years, various programmes have been implemented to encourage women to enter a wider range of occupations, to include non-traditional jobs like masonry and carpentry for the construction industry. This has yielded limited successes as the prevailing cultural norms take precedence and impose restrictions both within and upon the women who attempt to enter the field.

83. There is a recognition that sexual harassment is one of the practices that discriminates against women. Currently, steps are being taken to address this problem. Through consultations and public discourse, GNOW has led advocacy and action in this regard and the Government is committed to take the process further into enactment of law and provision of enforcement mechanisms. The proposal is that sexual harassment be addressed in all sectors, not only in employment, as it also affects persons in education and training, recreation, accommodation and other spheres.

84. Finally, laws and policies that have been passed since the ratification of the Convention have generally been drafted using gender neutral language.

85. By law, the women of Grenada have the same access to the law, the political process, social services, health care, education, literacy programmes, ownership to property and social welfare, without regard to marital status.

86. In 1991, a symposium on the Status of Women was held.^[8] An examination of the report on group discussion shows that the practical obstacles for women’s access that were identified by the working groups are summarised as:

87. The nexus between gender and social class was presented as a key area of concern. There was an expressed belief among NGO leaders that the situation of women is not only a factor of being female.^[9] The socio-economic status of individual women and sub-groups of women was presented as a factor that either caused or compounded experiences of discrimination that women face. As an example, when a woman was a poor woman, as compared to a richer woman, she was both more vulnerable to the discriminatory practices and less motivated or empowered to stand for her rights. Another related factor that was proffered was her professional and social status, such that a woman who was known to have “a voice” in society would be more respected than one who was not known, or who was known to have a “questionable” lifestyle. Furthermore, the leaders suggested that the “average woman” was not aware of her rights under the Convention, or of her civil rights, so she was not empowered to demand that they be respected.

88. The NGO leaders added that the following continue to be significant challenges that women face:

89. Discussion with women from various rural communities^[10] yielded similar responses. The women stated that key challenges were:

90. Women in the rural areas presented the case that women in the urban areas had more challenges such as limited access to food and less social support.

91. In addition to these obstacles, the following are also present in Grenadian society:

92. Some of the beliefs that are persisting are that: child maintenance should cease when or if the mother of the children enters another sexual relationship; if a man does not chastise (or beat) his wife or woman, he doesn’t love her; and people above “a certain age” especially women with children should not study further, but pay attention to their families.^[11]

93. Despite these obstacles, women have been able to access further education and self development programmes. Further, women have been making strides in their economic and social condition, therefore, getting over the traditional position where they were expected to rely on a man for sustenance.

94. Early childhood education and formal education has offered some relief from the burden of childcare. There is a network of 70 public and 31 private pre-primary schools throughout the State. The network of public pre-primary schools was developed during the 1970s and 1980s, with some of the schools owned and operated by Government and others by different churches and NGOs. The main NGO which established day care centres and pre-primary schools was GRENSAVE. In recent years, private proprietors have added to the network.

95. Pre-primary schools generally open for approximately seven hours per day, which is not adequate for working caregivers who work the average of eight hours per day. In addition, they do not open at times that facilitate persons who have shift work, such as late evenings. A few private pre-schools remain open for longer hours, but at additional costs to the parents who request the service. There is a need to review the opening hours of these institutions in order for them to assist further in accelerating the advancement of women, who are still the primary caregivers of children. In addition, more child care centres for younger children and infants need to be established.

96. The primary and secondary schools operate for six hours daily. There are no after-school programmes, except, periodic activities for students in extra-curricular activities.

97. There is also a network of residential homes for the elderly. Four are completely owned and operated by government. Four are owned by religious organizations that operate with support from and regulation by the Government. In addition, there are three private geriatric homes. There are no day-care facilities for the elderly.

98. Women have been actively participating in developing legislation that affects them. As an example, when the Domestic Violence Act was being drafted, a Stakeholders Committee was established to discuss it in detail. This Committee was comprised of representation from leading non-governmental organizations involved in working with women and children.

99. Some of the practical obstacles that prevent women from exercising their human rights are:

100. In order to accelerate equality between women and men, some of the programmes of Government were designed to assist women to overcome the barriers that prevent their access and participation on an equal basis with men. Affirmative action has not been used up to this time to ensure acceleration of equality.

101. During 1994, an Inter-ministerial Committee on Gender was established to assist with the implementation of the articles of the Convention and gender mainstreaming within the various Ministries of Government. It was comprised of Representatives of various Ministries of Government and Non-governmental Organizations. However, it became defunct. Preparations are being made to reinstitute this committee and strengthen its mandate.

102. The Grenada Rural Enterprise Project (GREP), which began operations in 2003, has the overarching objective to reduce rural poverty in a sustainable and gender equitable manner by offering rural households the chance to enhance their incomes through increasing capacity to recognize and realise economic opportunities. However, since its establishment, it has not been able to fully implement its programmes and bring the benefits that it was intended to deliver.

103. In 2006, Grenada completed a National Strategic Plan which includes a section on gender equality. The objectives of that section of the Plan are:

104. The plan was developed through a consultative process under the leadership of the Agency for Reconstruction and Development (ARD), the body established by the Government to guide recovery and reconstruction after the passage of Hurricane Ivan in 2004. So far, the plan has not been implemented.

105. The process towards the development of a National Policy on Gender started in a serious way in 2007.

106. The society continues to ascribe roles to women and men along traditional lines. A woman is expected to be the main caregiver and trainer of children. As one focus group participant put it, “A woman has to supervise and correct her children as well as other children in the community as a mother and help them adopt good habits”. However, there is a broadening of the roles ascribed to males and females, and a greater awareness of equality, at least at the material level, if not yet at the ideological level.^[12]

107. Religion imposes some limitations on progress towards the achievement of gender equality in Grenada. The majority of Grenadians are of the Christian faith, in which the Bible is the supreme point of reference for values and beliefs. The following beliefs are promulgated as having biblical traditions:

108. The general population considers monogamous marital relationships as ideal, but it is common practice that de facto or common law relationships and visiting partner relationships make up a significant amount of the intimate or spousal relationships. Many couples marry after a lengthy period of being common law partners, or after having children together in visiting relationships. It is estimated that over 50 per cent of the children are born out of wedlock.

109. It is also usual for both men and women to have several intimate relationships in their lifetime, sometimes simultaneously, but more so by men. According to the report on a Behavioural Surveillance Survey (BSS) conducted by CAREC (2005–2006), sexually active young men aged 15–24 had a range of one to eleven non-commercial sex partners within the twelve months prior to the survey, and young women of the same description reported a range of one to six partners. The young men had a median of two partners, while the young women had a median of one. In the older age group, 25–49 years, 37 per cent of the males and 35 per cent of the females reported to have had sexual intercourse with a non-regular non-commercial partner in the same period. The range of the number of partners for males was 1–60, and for females, 1–4. Both males and females had a median of 1 non regular non commercial partner.

110. Roles in the family are stereotyped with females expected to play the role of housewife, whether or not she is an income-earner. She is to be the caregiver of the members of her household and the extended family. On average, men are expected to be uninvolved in the upbringing of the children and caring for the family. In many instances, he is physically absent from his children’s lives, and sometimes, even if he is physically present, he seems emotionally absent.

111. Roles in the public sphere are also stereotyped along gender lines, although the most progress has been made in this area. Women and men have legal access to all occupations and professions, except the most senior professions of some churches where there are specific restrictions, mainly against women. However, the evidence shows that the gendered division of labour persist (see tables 23 and 24). Of note is that 37 per cent of the males but 2 per cent of the females were employed in the construction sector. The wholesale and retail sector had 6 per cent of the males and 13 per cent of the females and 12 per cent of the males as against 23 per cent of the females were in the Government service. The private sector employed the highest percentage of workers, and employed more males than females.^[13]

112. The processes of socialization and social control promote the roles that are held as traditional. Therefore, certain games, books, jobs, spaces, etc, are assigned by society to girls and women, while some others are assigned to boys and men. The society allows that some are assigned to persons of both sexes.

113. Efforts to expand the category of games, books, jobs, spaces, etc. that are assigned to persons of both sexes have so far expanded women’s options and opportunities more than it has men’s. The effect is that women and girls are attempting to enter fields of recreation, sports, study and work, etc. that are non-traditional for them, while their male counterparts are not doing so in similar numbers. As a result, one of the accusations that has been levelled by both males and females in various strata of society is that “women are trying to take over”. It must be noted, however, that the range of options has traditionally been wider for men than for women.

114. The theory of “men at risk” has had a negative impact on actions aimed at the advancement of women as there are accusations that women’s advancement has and will result in the marginalisation of men. Political will by male and female leaders has therefore been seriously tempered by this opinion, especially as the rate and intensity of deviant behaviour and criminal activity by men has been increasing. These negative behaviours might be more rightfully linked to the effects of unemployment, poverty, ease and influence of world travel and communication, other factors unrelated to the social relations of gender,^[14] or even to the negative effects of patriarchy itself, but it seems convenient to shrink services to women as a result.

115. For application for a Grenadian passport for a minor under the age of sixteen, there is an order of preference of consenting adults which puts the father as the principal legal guardian. It is captured in the “Instructions” section of the application form, which states:

Children under the age of 16 years may not be granted a passport without the written consent of the legal guardian i.e. the father, or if the father is dead, the mother, or in the case of a child born out of wedlock, the mother. If the father and mother are dead, a written consent from the person who has legal custody of the child must be submitted.

116. Health and Family Life Education is taught as an integral part of the curriculum in all primary and secondary schools. There are concerns that the teachers are not yet prepared to deal with the delivery of some of the intended and incidental content of the programme effectively. This is because the teachers are products of the society, and therefore, conform to its beliefs and value system, which they will deliver and practice, despite the statements about equality in the curriculum guide. As a result, the Ministry of Education is cognizant that teacher training and retraining is a necessary strategy.^[15]

117. There have been many public awareness campaigns on issues of gender equality, ending domestic violence and promoting women’s rights. Heightened public activity usually takes place in commemoration of International Women’s Day (March 8) and International Day to Protest Violence against Women (Nov. 25) annually. Each year, different themes are identified, and emphasis is placed on interfacing with the public during the activities. Generally, the Ministry of Social Development and the Grenada National Organization of Women lead those commemorative events, but many other NGOs and government departments also participate.

118. Grenada has legislation to prevent the traffic in women and girls which is contained in Sections 188 and 190 of the Criminal Code. The penalty for someone who “procures any female to become, either within or without Her Majesty’s Dominions, a common prostitute” is two years imprisonment. These sections of the code are clear on the matter of females being detained against their will for the purpose of having carnal knowledge of them on any premises or in a brothel. Implementation of this legislation depends on whether complaints are made.

119. The criminal Code is silent on the subject of prostitution. There is no legislation which expressly states that prostitution is illegal. However, there is legislation about the procurement of females under the age of twenty one for the purpose of “having unlawful carnal knowledge connections” as well as any female of any age who is forced against her will to marry or be carnally known by any other person. The law forbids the unlawful detention of any female “in or upon any premises with intent that she may be unlawfully and carnally known by any man...” or “in a brothel” (Section 190).

120. The law also states the penalty of two years imprisonment for anyone who procures any female ... to become a common prostitute. Here the law is more intent on punishing the procurer rather than sanctioning the victim. Sections 188, 189, 198 and 200 are designed to protect the victim rather than punish “prostitution”.

121. Females may be arrested for “soliciting” or “loitering” and not for prostitution but soliciting is difficult to prove especially if the client refuses to cooperate. The Deputy Registrar stated that there is no known record of charges brought against prostitutes.

122. Prostitutes are not licensed in Grenada, neither is the sex trade regulated. However, prostitution is socially sanctioned. Prostitutes are considered to be social outcasts when they ply their trade on the streets. However there are those females who are able to operate like call girls and escorts and are also socially sanctioned, but in a milder way. Their clients are not socially sanctioned as much as the prostitute whose services they employ. Because of the sensitive nature of this topic, it is difficult to collect data on this activity. From the foregoing it can be deduced that prostitution is frowned upon and is not socially acceptable.

123. Child prostitution is suspected to be on the rise and Sections 188, 189, 190 of the Criminal Code will apply. One of the main forms this takes is transactional sex where sexual favours are exchanged for food, school books, cell phones, clothes, etc. sometimes encouraged by guardians and parents. However, data are not available. Section 202 of the Criminal Code gives the court power to divest the parent or guardian of all authority over a female under the age of sixteen who has been encouraged or caused to engage in prostitution by that parent or guardian and to appoint a guardian for her until she reaches the age of twenty-one or any age below this as the court directs. However, this law is not readily enforced.

124. The laws in the Criminal Code relating to Sexual Offences, including rape, do not discriminate against prostitutes – it applies to all females. In practice, however, a known prostitute may not be taken seriously when laying a complaint of being raped.

125. Patterns of immigration and emigration are closely monitored. There is no system in place to monitor whether immigrants or emigrants are engaged as sex workers. Because of the negative social environment for sex workers, it is not likely that immigrants or emigrants would state this as an occupation.

126. Section 188 (c) and (d) of the Criminal Code expressly addresses the matter of procurement of a female to leave the State and go elsewhere to become an inmate of a brothel for the purpose of prostitution; the penalty being two years imprisonment.

127. It is illegal for a third person to sell a woman’s sexual service. Section 188 of the Criminal Code addresses the procurement of sexual services by the third person. It states that “Whoever procures any female to leave this state with intent that she may become an inmate of a brothel elsewhere” shall be liable to two years in prison.

128. There are obstacles to eliminating the exploitation of prostitution and traffic in women. These include the reluctance of those subjected to exploitation to come forward, the incidence of poverty and the high level of unemployment among the women population which may militate against them exposing their exploiters. In addition, the penalty of two years imprisonment is too low.

129. There are laws in Grenada to penalize nationals who exploit women and girls children outside of the country. Section 188 of the criminal code addresses the matter of outside the country – “within or without”. There are no laws relating to sex tourism.

130. In Grenada, there is equal access to education for males and females. The Education Act, Section 3 (3), states that among the specific goals and objectives of the Education System are:

131. Girls and boys are able to take the same subjects at primary, secondary and tertiary levels and they are aware of the options available to them. They do take advantage of these options and sometimes do better than the boys. Overall, more girls than boys enter to sit external exams, and they pass in higher numbers. Table 15 shows that in the academic year 2003–2004, 1095 girls and 765 boys entered to sit Ordinary Level Exams, with 482 girls and 210 boys passing four or more.

132. Statistics show that males and females do not access all of the same subjects in equal numbers. Table 15 also shows that there is segregation by subject areas for some of the subjects where the percentage entry for females is less than 25 per cent, such as in Building Technology Construction, and it is more than 75 per cent in other subjects such as Food and Nutrition. At the Skills Training Institutions, boys and men opt for the technical disciplines while the girls and women opt for secretarial studies and hospitality skills in significantly greater numbers. Tables 16, 17, and 18, present the comparative figures for the three leading Skill Centres during the period 2000 to 2004. Officially, there is no barrier to the exercise of choice, but other factors, such as traditional stereotypes, must be playing a significant role in determining such severe divisions.

133. The records show that, for the Marryshow Cup prize which is awarded to those who excel when graduating from secondary school over the past 30 years, 23 girls and 8 boys have been the recipients.^[16]

134. Overall, primary and secondary enrolment rates reflect equality for girls and boys with net enrolment rates at 93.1 per cent and 93.8 per cent respectively. According to the CWIQ report:

Gender equity in enrolment rates is variable across age groups. At age 5, enrolment rates are 90.4 per cent for girls as compared to 83.3 per cent for boys. This disparity is reversed at age 8, with 98 per cent enrolment for boys and 95 per cent for girls. The pattern shifts again at age 10 with a 6.2 percentage difference in favour of girls, 95.4 and 89.2; and shifts again at age 11 with 84.0 per cent for boys and 82.8 per cent for girls.^[17]

135. At university level, the statistics^[18] show a high percentage of females participating in all programmes. In 2007, there were 284 students at the University of the West Indies (UWI) Centre in Grenada, comprised of 43 males and 241 females.

136. The CWIQ Survey revealed that there was no real statistical difference in adult literacy rates – 97.1 per cent for men and 96.8 per cent for women. The rate is given as 97 per cent overall, however, in poor rural areas, the rate falls to 94.7 per cent.

137. In schools that are not co-educational, the curricula, examinations and teaching are standard, except for some skill disciplines. School premises may differ to reflect this, as it is more likely for an all girls’ school to have a Home Economics facility than an all boys’ school.

138. In the institution designated as the Programme for Adolescent Mothers, the premises are sub-standard and teaching staff and resources are limited. This is an area for development and improvement. In 2007, a policy on the return of girls to the mainstream school system was drafted by the Ministry of Education using a consultative process. However, it has not yet been taken to Cabinet for approval.

139. It is not likely for girls to opt for non-traditional technical subjects, but some girls do choose Technical Drawing and Building Technology. It is unlikely for boys to opt for Secretarial Studies or Home Economics. Tables 15–18 show the trend of gender disparities across skills disciplines. Girls and boys are not actively discouraged from pursuing non-traditional subjects for their sex, but they are not encouraged either.

Political patronage is likely to influence selection, but it cannot override the first criterion.

141. There are no grants or scholarships solely for men or solely for women. However, certain scholarships or grants may apply only to persons based on their occupation. If this is the case, therefore, it would be more likely for a woman to access a grant for further studies in nursing and for a man to access one for fishing. There is no information compiled on the number of males and females shortlisted for student grants and scholarships over the years.

142. The overall percentage of students in adult education and literacy comparing women to men is not available since many of these programmes are in the informal sector and the statistics from the T. A. Marryshow Community College have not been presented disaggregated by sex. There are no barriers to women’s enrolment in these, except those cultural barriers related to them being mothers and house minders. Even so, women are more likely to take the opportunities of enrolling in an evening class than their male counterparts.

143. The Education Act (2002), section 28 (2) states that the age for admission to primary school is five years and students should not have attained the age of 16 years by the following 31st December. This applies to both boys and girls. In the case of secondary school, the admission age is 11 years and written permission from the Chief Education Officer is necessary for a student to be retained in a public or assisted secondary school after the end of the year in which he or she would have attained the age of 20 years.

144. The policy of keeping girls in schools during and after pregnancy has undergone extensive debate. However, the Education Act is clear on the matter of suspension and expulsion, noting that pregnancy is not listed as a possible reason for punishment. Recent trends indicate that the Ministry would not consider the expulsion of a pregnant student or the termination of her education. However, tradition causes many to drop out voluntarily.

145. The Education Statistical Digest showed that more males than females dropped out of primary schools whereas more females than males dropped out of secondary schools during the years 1995–2003. (See table 9) According to the CWIQ 2005, various reasons were given for dropping out. The top reasons given by boys were; too old or completed – 22 per cent; work – 19 per cent; useless – 14 per cent; and failed exam – 15 per cent. The top reasons given by females were; too old or completed – 74 per cent and pregnancy – 15 per cent.

146. The percentage of female teachers at the primary and secondary levels is greater than the male teachers, but is it higher at the primary than the secondary, as shown in table 10. In 1994 to 2004, the average exceeded 77 per cent at the public primary schools and was 58 per cent the secondary level. The ratio of trained teachers in the public primary and secondary schools reflects the ratios of teachers in general, with a slight leaning to a greater ratio of trained female teachers. Tables 11 and 12 present the analysis. Similarly, the ratio of graduate female teachers reflects the ratio of female teachers in the system generally (table 13). At the university level,^[19] most of the local tutorials are delivered by male tutors. Over the last 20 years, there have been 42 tutors, 23 of which were males and 19 were females.

147. Female and male students have the same access to Health and Family Life Education in the primary and secondary schools.

148. There are no regulations that prohibit girls and boys from participating in sports and physical education. However, there are some sports that are male-dominated, such as soccer (football) and cricket. Although females play these games, they are not taken as seriously as their male counterparts. Basketball and volleyball are played by both males and females, while netball is played almost exclusively by females. In athletics, both track and field are keenly contested by in school competitions at the primary and secondary levels, and each school’s team would include girls and boys.

149. There are no dress regulations that impede the full participation of girls and women in sports. Culturally, it is acceptable for girls and women to participate in all sports. Sports facilities, such as multi-purpose courts, are sometimes dominated by males, except when there are scheduled events. Playing fields, which are suited for playing cricket and football, are also used by males more than females.

150. There is some sex stereotyping in commercials in the print and electronic media. No analysis is recorded on the extent of this phenomenon.

151. No research has been undertaken into the achievements of girls who attend co-educational schools in comparison with their counterparts in single-sex schools, and whether any differences, if any, are due to the type of school as against other factors.

152. Career and vocational guidance is available. Again, there is no clear policy statement as to whether the full range of vocational opportunities is presented on an equal basis, or whether traditional biases are presented. Their participation rates suggest that, for vocational skills, girls and boys segregate. Girls and women who opt to enter fields of study which are dominated by males, as well as boys and men who opt for those dominated by females, have to be prepared to face the social obstacles created by stereotyping.

153. Overall, the employment statistics in Grenada show generally high unemployment rates and disparities based on sex. The 2001 census identifies that there is a very low participation rate with almost 40 per cent of the persons outside of the labour force. The gender differential is that slightly more than half of the women, 53 per cent, was outside the labour force while just over quarter of the men, 27 per cent was outside.

154. The statistics indicate that there is gendered division of labour in Grenada. Tables 21 to 25 and figures 7 to 9 show that there are disparities based on occupational group, industrial group and employer. The Ministry of Finance reaffirms this in the Poverty Eradication Strategy 2006 when it said “Private enterprise employs the highest percentage of workers and more males than females. More females than males are employed in the public sector.” It also said that: “Employment still falls along traditional gender lines, best illustrated in the construction, wholesale and retail, and hotel and restaurant sectors” (p. 22).

155. In addition, statistics show a trend that unemployment rates for women double the rates for men. According to the Labour Force Survey (1998), published by the Statistical Unit, Ministry of Finance, the unemployment rate among women was 21.2 per cent and for men, 10.5 per cent. The CWIQ Survey 2005 report also reflects this pattern. It states that around 65 per cent of the population comprise the active labour force with an overall unemployment rate of 18.8 per cent. However, the unemployment rate among women continues to be twice that for men at 26.3 per cent compared to 12.5 per cent. Though the unemployment rates increased primarily as a result of the Hurricane, the ratio between employed women and men remained the same.

156. The Labour Force Survey (1998) pointed out that the median monthly income for females was $650.00 while for males it was $898.00, a difference of $248 per month. It also states that for every 100 males earning $3000 or more there were 24.4 females earning the same amount.

There are more men than women in all income categories, except the lowest categories $2500–$4999 and $5000–$9999, where, especially in the latter, there are higher numbers of women than men, but not significantly.

The differences between the numbers are closer in the lower income categories than in the higher ones, starting noticeably from the $10 000–$14 999 category, where 40 per cent of that group are women. In all lowest four categories, that is $9999 or under, the difference is no more than 15 per cent, while in the five higher categories and the unstated category, the differences are no less than 30 per cent. This means that in the lower income levels, the numbers of women and men are similar, while in the higher categories, the numbers are further apart in comparison to the size of that group. The difference is greatest in the highest stated category, $75000 or more, where only one quarter of that group are women.

158. While there is no ongoing programme to ensure that opportunities exist for women in non-traditional fields, Sections 26–27 of the Employment Act set up the climate for non-discrimination. Section 26 states that, among other things, no employee shall be discriminated against on the basis of sex, marital status or family responsibilities. It further states a penalty for persons who contravene this section. The next Section states that an employer shall pay equal remuneration for work of equal value to both male and female employees. These provisions are well-intentioned and suitable. Part IV of the Employment Act (arts. 25–28) lays out the Fundamental Principles of Employment as:

No charges have been identified as having been brought based on any claim to a violation to any of these fundamental principles.

159. Grenada has adopted an overall principle of equal pay for equal work, but there are two outstanding matters for redress. One is that the Minimum Wage Order provides for Agricultural Labourers to be paid at the following hourly rates: males at $5.00 and females at $4.75. While in note 2 it states that “where female workers perform the same task as men, they shall receive the same rate as men”, it has become clear that the type of tasks could be classified and valued as against having the standard of measurement be on whether males do it. The second is that, upon analysis of the Minimum Wages Order, the jobs that are traditionally done by women have been assigned lower rates of pay compared to those traditionally done by men, even when higher qualifications and more skills are required.

160. As an example, domestic workers are given a minimum of EC $400.00 per month and Clerical Assistants have a range of EC $500.00–EC $700.00 based on the parish, while bus conductors are given a minimum of EC $25.00 per day or approximately EC $600.00 per month (at the average of a six-day working week). It is noted that clerical assistants and domestic workers (predominantly women) are required to have a higher level of skill and operate with greater responsibility than bus conductors (predominantly men). This points to the urgent need to undertake a pay equity exercise.

161. The maximum weekly hours of work allowed under the Labour Code (Employment Act 1999 section 37) puts some workers at a disadvantage. It states that domestic workers and security guards can work a maximum of60 hours, catering assistants, clerical assistants or shop assistants work up to 44 hours and agricultural workers, construction workers and industrial workers work a maximum of 40 hours. Notably, domestic workers, catering assistants, clerical assistants and shop assistants are predominantly women. These groups of workers, along with security guards, also attract the lowest rates of pay under the Minimum Wages Order.

162. In addition to Annual Leave (vacation), Part VII of the Employment Act details that pregnant workers have the right to maternity leave, (with pay if employed for more than eighteen months with the same employer) and they have the right to return to work following this leave. They are also provided with protection from dismissal due to pregnancy. These provisions are maintained by established and registered employers, particularly those whose workers are represented by trades unions.

163. This part of the Employment Act also provides for Supplementary Family Leave for undertaking family responsibilities. Article 72 (3) uses sickness or death of a spouse, close relative or dependant person as examples, but does not limit the leave only to those occasions. Women, who are the primary caregivers in most households, stand to benefit from this leave.

164. Women are entitled to receive the same benefits as men at their workplaces. These benefits include pension, profit sharing, service charge and health insurance. Where these benefits allow for spouses to be added, such as health insurance plans, spouses of either sex are allowed on the partners’ plan.

165. The compulsory retirement age from the public service and the age from which National Insurance Scheme (NIS) pensions starts is sixty (60) years for both men and women.

166. There is no legislation or measures at the national level against sexual harassment in the workplace. From 2006, public attention to this has been drawn and consultative activities have been undertaken by the Grenada National Organisation of Women to draft a Bill against sexual harassment. The Government intends to pass legislation in this regard. This proposed Act will cover sexual harassment in other places as well, such as education, accommodation and public places.

167. There are four public hospitals in Grenada including one in Carriacou. One in Grenada is a psychiatric hospital. Primary Health Care within the communities is provided by six health centres and thirty medical stations which are located in districts throughout the state, including Petite Martinique. Most of the health services at these facilities are free, except prescribed drugs and some surgical operations, for which minimal fees are charged. There are also private medical services on island – hospitals, clinics, and diagnostic/imaging centres.

168. In describing the health status as “stable”, the Ministry of Health^[20] stated that basic health indictors show that:

169. The Basic Health Indicators (1998–2006) also show that infant mortality ranged between 8.3 in 2005 and 20.5 in 2002. Maternal deaths was zero from 1998–2004. The crude birth rate declined from 25.9 in 1990 to 15.6 in 2006. The crude death rate ranged from 7.0 to 8.6 within the same period (see table 27).

170. Women and men have equal access to health care. Health services for women, however, are specific to maternal and child health, and there are no specific health services for men.^[21]

171. Antenatal services are provided at the district level. In 2001, one thousand four hundred and ninety three (1493) women made their first visit, of which 22.1 per cent were persons under 20 years. In 2002, one thousand four hundred sixty-one (1461) first clinic visits by antenatal mothers were made, of which 22.8 per cent were teenagers and children nineteen years and under. The records show that the highest number of visits were by women between the ages 20–34 years, with 63.4 per cent and 62.5 per cent in 2001 and 2002 respectively. In addition, the majority made their first visit in their third trimester (60.4 per cent in 2001 and 65.1 per cent in 2002).^[22] The statistics show that in those years the numbers of births were 1899 and 1756 respectively. Therefore, approximately 80 per cent of antenatal mothers use the services provided at the districts.

172. The use of contraceptives in Grenada is legal. As a policy, for any woman to receive permanent pregnancy prevention measures, such as tubal ligation, or other medically advised/required procedures that affect the ability to become pregnant, such as hysterectomy, she is required to sign a consent form. It is not a requirement that she gets the consent of her husband, if she is married. The same is true if a man has to have a vasectomy. Counselling is provided when any of the sterilisation methods are requested in order to reduce the likelihood of requests for reversal.

173. The district health services provide family planning services. The Situational Analysis indicated that approximately 450 postnatal women requested these services during 1999–2000. The main ones requested were sterilisation (7 per cent), condoms (25 per cent), intrauterine devices and injections. The 2002 report from the Epidemiology Unit also states that family planning was provided to nine hundred and fourteen (914) or 73 per cent postnatal women in 2002 950 or 77 per cent in 2001. The Grenada Planned Parenthood Association also provides family planning services.

174. Abortion is not legal, except for reasons related to saving the life of the mother. However, it is done in Grenada using traditional means, and it is reportedly done by medical practitioners as well. Statistical evidence is not possible, but the General Hospital has recorded admissions due to failed attempts.

175. The single most prevalent cause of death in 2007 is malignant neoplasms, with the number of men dying from this condition almost doubling that for women. In general, more men than women died that year, but more women than men died from a few of the conditions, Diseases of the heart and circulatory system continue to affect more women than men as shown in both 1998 and 2007. Tables 28 and 29 show the breakdown by sex for the years 1998 and 2007.

176. Pap smear services and STI services are also provided. In 2004, 427 pap tests were done for postnatal mothers. Limited data is available on STIs, as the health workers believe that “most persons tend to seek a private physician to treat these diseases” and that “no data was available from community health services”.^[23]

177. HIV/AIDS surveillance is carried out in Grenada. The first known case was in 1984. More males than females are testing positive for HIV, and subsequently contracting AIDS and dying from AIDS related causes (see table 30). This holds true for new cases of HIV across all age ranges, except the 15–24 age group in which 26 females and 17 males have been tested positive. In the 35–44 age group, the number of HIV+ males more than triples that for females. Overall, the rates of HIV and AIDS in Grenada are relatively low.

178. Programmes to control the spread of HIV and treatment of People Living with HIV and AIDS are directed by the National AIDS Council and its secretariat, the National AIDS Directorate, an agency of Government. The programme focuses on prevention, treatment, care and support at all levels. Free Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) is provided by the Ministry of Health. Many Ministries of Government, NGOs, CBOs and service organizations are involved in the programmes, particularly sensitisation programmes aimed at behaviour change.

179. Attention has been given to the gender dimensions of HIV and sexuality, and a gender analysis of the proposed strategic plan has been ordered. GNOW has embarked on programmes aimed at building awareness among group leaders, in-school youths and adult community women of the linkages between HIV/AIDS, gender and sexuality.

180. The Situational Analysis proposed that obesity was a concern for women’s health, in that higher proportions of women were hospitalised for chronic diseases from 2001 to 2004.

181. The National Insurance Scheme (NIS) is the primary agency for social benefits. It was established by legislation in 1983 as the para-state mechanism for social security. It is a compulsory, contributory scheme to which employees pay 4 per cent of their insurable earnings and their employers pay an additional 5 per cent. Self-employed persons are also required to make contributions to the NIS.

182. The list of benefits under the NIS are categorised into long term and short term benefits. The long-term benefits are: Age Pension or Grant, Survivors Pension and Invalidity Pension or Grant. The short-term benefits are: Sickness Benefit, Maternity Benefit, Employment Injury Benefit, and Funeral Grant. In 2004, following the passage of Hurricane Ivan, an Unemployment Assistance Benefit was temporarily paid.

183. In order to qualify for the benefits, one has to be or have been an employed or self-employed person who has made contributions to the scheme and met certain criteria for the specific benefit. In the case of survivors’ benefits, the immediate family members of the deceased would benefit. In most cases, the amount of the benefit is in direct relationship to the insurable earnings that contributions have been made on. The expected result is that, because of higher rates of unemployment and lower average earnings, the women’s benefits would be generally lower, if they are eligible at all. An analysis of the recipients of benefits can be a useful exercise.

184. At the commencement of benefits under the NIS, Survivors’ Pension was paid to the widow of the deceased contributor only, except if the widower was an invalid or was proven to be wholly dependent upon his wife up to the time of her death. From January 2007, this was changed to allow the widower of a deceased contributor to be eligible for Survivors Pension on the same terms as a widow.

185. One of the other changes that has been made is to reflect the fathers’ financial responsibility in parenting. At the establishment of the NIS, only females were eligible to receive maternity benefits. In 1994, this was changed to allow the husband to receive a Maternity Grant on behalf of his wife upon the birth of their baby, if she does not qualify for Maternity Benefits on her own standing.

186. In addition to NIS, trade unions have negotiated that many employers, including the NIS, have independent pension plans for their employees, because it is recognized that the long-term benefits of NIS are not adequate to meet the standard of living that a retired person might consider as “decent”. However, workers who joined the Government Service after the establishment of the NIS can no longer expect pensionable benefits from Government due to the Pensions Disqualification Act (1983). Noting that two-thirds of workers in the Government Service are women (table 25), there is concern that 23 per cent of the working women will be faced with economic hardships when they retire if the situation is not addressed.

187. The Government provides safety net programmes for persons in vulnerable circumstances, usually persons with disabilities, the elderly, and heads and members of poor and indigent households. Officials indicate that a majority of the recipients are women. An analysis on each programme is required to determine the ratio of recipients by sex and vulnerable category.

188. The stated criteria for qualifying for loans, grants, and tax credits from Government are gender neutral. However, no analysis of the recipients by sex and other characteristics has been seen for the preparation of this report. There is no known complaints mechanism for persons to report allegations of discrimination on any grounds.

189. Traditionally, women and men participate in different competitive team sports. Netball is seen as the women’s game, while cricket, football (soccer) and basketball are men’s games. The cultural barriers hinder expansion at the competitive level, though women have always been playing those games non-competitively. Recently, some more attention has been given to women in football, basketball and cricket, primarily because of the initiative of the International governing bodies of the sports. Males and Females participate equally in swimming, tennis and volleyball.

190. Men and boys have greater liberty to engage in sports and recreational activities. Assumptions that women and girls should be at home, as well as concerns for their safety, vis-à-vis exposure to conditions under which rape and other sexual violence may occur, keep many girls and women away from recreational activities, except they are able to travel with at least one companion. Other obstacles for women are the burden of care and sometimes, their partner’s desire that they are not “out in the street too much”. Generally, though, the games and other recreational activities that attract men are organised more frequently and given more funding priorities than those for women. There are signs that changes are occurring, but this has to be monitored.

191. From 1975, Grenada has participated in the West Indies Women’s Cricket Tournament and has had a woman on the West Indies Women’s Cricket Team in the person of Joan Alexander. Since then, other women have been on that team. Participation in this tournament has not changed during the reporting period.

192. Only a very small part of Grenada is considered as urban. Table 4 shows the urban population, the population of St George’s Town, as being less than four thousand in 2007. It is noted that the population in the “Rest of St George’s” has been growing, partly due to the outward drift from the town to the surrounding areas, and more so, the drift from the “outer parishes” to St George’s parish, as individuals and families move for reasons of work and other opportunities.

193. The general situation for Grenada would be largely applicable to rural areas as well, except the smallest, most inaccessible villages. However, the situation in these areas is not captured in any specific way. Because of the size of the island, they are not absolutely cut-off from the mainstream, though there is anecdotal evidence of particular difficulties, especially that of physical access to services and opportunities for development, as well as the high cost of moving to find the required service. For poor households in those areas, access is of particular concern because of the latter problem – cost.

194. Women in the rural communities have lower physical access to key commodities and services than women in the urban area. The measurement of access used by CWIQ is the time spent in travelling to the service. Some rural households are further away from those services as shown in table 31.

195. Rural women, as well as the majority of women in the town, are not aware of their rights under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination against Women. Increasingly, sensitisation activities bring awareness to women’s rights in general, not linking them to the Convention. Any measures taken to make women in rural areas aware of their rights would apply to urban women as well.

196. Rural women hire their labour to agricultural estates, engage in the private informal sector (vending or cooking), are self employed in cottage industries and small businesses or work in the formal sectors of the economy. The ones who are employed in the formal sectors commute to and from work each day.

197. According to the CWIQ 2005 report, “just under half of the households in Grenada are female headed with more than one fifth in the rural areas falling in the lowest welfare percentile”. Invariably the female heads of households may never have been married and many are single parents as well.

198. According to the CWIQ “the dependency ratio is 50 per cent or higher in all parishes and the highest ratios are found among the unemployed and in the private informal sector” – females predominate in those two areas. The Report also states that “the dependency ratio is higher for female-headed households than for male”.

199. Rural women participate in developing economic and agricultural policies if they are members of an organised group, e.g. Grenada Network of Rural Women Producers, GRENROP, and are invited to participate in consultations relating to agricultural policies. Another group – the Grenada Association of Agro-processors is being organized. Approximately ten years ago, the Government (Ministry of Finance) embarked on annual parish consultations on the National Budget and invited the general public, men and women, to attend and give input.

200. The contribution of rural women is taken into account in computing Gross National Product.

201. Women are not adequately represented in Government and bodies and commissions involved with development (table 7). This would hold true for rural women.

202. Rural Women benefit from programmes developed for the Agricultural Sector equally with men, except where these are tied to ownership of title to the property, and as table 33 shows, more men than women in the middle to upper categories hold title to property.

203. Family Planning Services are provided by the Grenada Planned Parenthood Association and the District Health Facilities. More women take advantage of these services. The GPPA runs two clinics – one in urban St. George’s and another in rural St. Andrew’s. Family Planning services are available on the same level in rural as in urban areas.

204. The law relating to Social Security programmes does not discriminate in favour of females. Rural women qualify for coverage in the same way as all other women – NIS benefits are paid based on contributions paid by the worker and the employer on behalf of the worker.

205. Rural women and girls have access to education up to the secondary level locally. Tertiary level education is provided at the centres based in St George’s and Skills Training at a few centres at other locations. Local skills training opportunities are not always available and when they are, the quality and value can be questionable as there is no national certification authority.

206. Rural women participate in self-help groups and cooperatives. The State recognizes the right of rural women to organize self-help groups and to participate in co-operatives and other economic or development programmes as individuals. There are no obstacles hindering the establishment of these groups. The groups organize to allow women to obtain equal access to economic opportunities – incentives and concessions for the start-up of small businesses and self employment.

207. The Marketing and National Importing Board (MNIB), established by Government to market agricultural products locally and internationally, estimates that over 75 per cent of its services are used by women. In addition, agricultural extension services reach farmers, both men and women, directly.

208. No specific provisions exist to ensure adequate living conditions for rural women – men and women in the rural communities enjoy any existing provisions. However, immediately after a disaster, such as Hurricane Ivan, or when vulnerabilities are assessed, poor single parent households are treated as particularly vulnerable, and these are generally headed by women (table 32).

209. Rural women participate in all community activities. There are no existing cultural traditions that keep women from participating in community activities.

210. Spouses have equal and separate access to the court, to financial dealings and to property. Either can have separate business and financial matters, such as debt, insurance policies and the making of a will. The Married Woman’s Property Act (1896) confers on married women the same rights as her husband, as if she were “femme sole”, that is an unmarried woman.

211. Grenada passed a Law Reform (Married Women and Tortfeasors) Act in 1936. This Act gives married women equality for suing and being sued in a Court of Law. It assumes, as well, that single women had that right previously.

212. In practice, women do use their rights to the court, to enter into contracts and to administer property.

213. Women are practising in the legal profession as well, and have served as Solicitor-General, Director of Public Prosecutions and Chief Magistrate. In 1991, there were four male magistrates and one female. By 2007, the numbers reversed to one male and four female magistrates.

214. No official analysis has been done or identified on the rate of prosecution and conviction, the penalties given to female and male convicts for the different crimes, nor on the sex or profile of the victims of the different crimes.

215. Grenada has two Acts that are of direct bearing to this Article of the Convention. They are the Married Woman’s Property Act (1896) and the Marriage Act (1903).

216. A marriage must be between one male and one female. The State recognizes marriages that are conducted by registered marriage officers or by registrars in the presence of two witnesses. Marriage officers are leaders of religions who apply for and receive an appointment to be so recognized by law.

217. The State does not permit marriage of either males or females who are under the age of sixteen. For persons between sixteen and twenty-one, parental consent is required, from either a parent or legal guardian.

218. Both males and females must willingly consent to marriage. The parties must apply for a marriage licence in advance of the marriage ceremony, except by special provisions. Their request is posted for objection by the public, if any. Following the ceremony, all marriages must be registered, and couples are provided with a Marriage Certificate.

219. Two cultural practices related to marriage that show the subordination of women are:

220. The form for registration of marriages has a column for “Father’s name and surname” which has to be filled for both parties, but it does not have a corresponding column for their mothers’ names and surnames.

221. Both husbands and wives have equal duty to financially support their children. The law states that where the wife has separate property, she is as liable as her husband for the maintenance of her children and grandchildren.

222. There are no legal barriers to married women having a profession or occupation. In practice, many women who hold full-time or part-time occupations or pursue careers are married. Further, “financial abuse” as defined by the Domestic Violence Act includes a pattern of behaviour so as to “ensure financial dependence”.

223. There is no ruling on whether or not wives keep their surnames. Most change their surnames to that of their husband by virtue of a traditional practice and cultural expectation. Also, where a woman does not change her surname, many persons in society assume that she does. However, more recently, some use both surnames by adding his to hers.

224. Common law or de facto spouses are treated differently by different laws. Generally they are not recognized as “next-of-kin” for maintenance, inheritance and property rights or for accessing medical care in the case of persons who are unconscious. As an example, the laws relating to property rights in the case of a person who dies intestate do not recognize de facto spouses, regardless to how long the relationship lasted neither whether the surviving partner has vested interest in the property. On the other hand, the NIS Law recognizes that the insured can claim Funeral Grant on the death of a de facto spouse, and a de facto spouse is eligible to receive survivors’ benefits if the insured partner has died. In addition, the Domestic Violence Act (2001) recognizes intimate relationships outside of marriage by allowing persons having common law or de facto spouses and visiting relationships to use the Act for protection from domestic violence.

225. The review Women and the Law identifies that this is one of the areas which “vividly reflects how the law and the reality of life are at variance”. LACC has begun a process of consultation on the regularisation of de facto spouses under the law, but holistic action has not been taken by Government on this issue. In a report prepared by LACC on Legal Recognition of Common Law Unions in Grenada (2005), common law partners usually pool financial resources; acquire property jointly, though many times in the man’s name only; have children together; and cohabit for a long time. It presents the case that the problems relating to legal entitlements to the estate, maintenance and succession are disadvantageous to females more than they are to males.

226. Rape is defined under the Criminal Code as carnal knowledge of a female without her consent, where carnal knowledge refers to sexual intercourse with the least degree of penetration. Under the law, a husband cannot be found guilty of the rape of his wife as the status is that, by the act of marriage, she has given herself unto her husband and she cannot retract from that without obtaining legal separation or divorce. The Domestic Violence Act, however, introduces sexual abuse as a possible claim for protection orders and the Privy Council has already ruled against marital rape in another country. It is therefore necessary to amend the substantive laws on rape to recognize marital rape.

227. Divorces are permissible only by order of the Court. Both wives and husbands have the same right to file or apply for divorce, to use the same grounds on which to do so, to defend themselves from being divorced, if they so desire, and to negotiate the distribution of property.

228. The legal age for consent for sexual intercourse is sixteen, same as the legal age for marriage, except that parental consent is required for the marriage of a person from that age and below twenty-one. Sexual intercourse with girls under thirteen and under sixteen is a criminal offence, referred to in the Criminal Code as Defilement of a Female, and locally termed Statutory Rape. There is no law against defilement of a male.

229. Fathers are required to pay child support for the care of their children, regardless of his marital status, and whether or not the child was born within wedlock. Mothers, too, have that responsibility under the law, but since, generally, the child(ren) reside with their mother, the claims are mainly made against fathers. This law is enforced whenever a complaint is made and a court makes a ruling. However, the minimum weekly payment of Fifteen Eastern Caribbean Dollars ($15.00) is widely considered as inadequate, and thus acts as a deterrent to women making claims for their children. The Magistrate, though, has the liberty to demand more, based on the circumstances of the father.

230. The main challenge for women claiming child maintenance from the fathers of their children are that men have perfected the ability to understate their income and inflate their expenses, thus in many cases, the minimum order is made, and this is considered a paltry sum and a waste of time. Another challenge is the inordinate amount of time it takes to get a matter processed through the court.

231. There is no legal barrier to women determining the number and spacing of their children, including within marriage. However, there are restrictions to the maternity benefits a woman might be eligible for if she is pregnant or gives birth under certain time-frame conditions. Section 62 of the Employment Act states that if her pregnancy commences before she has worked for her employer for less than eighteen months, she is entitled to maternity leave without pay. Section 65 of the same Act further states that after the first occasion, an employee is entitled to maternity leave with pay only once in each period of two years and on no more than three occasions.

232. Headship of households is generally linked to the presence of an adult male in the home, since, once a man is present, he is the de facto head of the home, whether or not he makes the key decisions and/or provides for the well-being of the home. Therefore, female-headed households are usually the single-parent households with an adult woman, and male-headed households are more likely to have both parents resident therein. Table 32 shows that 48 per cent of the females who head households are not in any union, whereas 40 per cent of the male heads are legally married, with a further 18 per cent in a common law union.

233. The following statements are made based on the Poverty Assessment Report which was completed in 1999:

234. The Core Welfare Indicators Questionnaire of 2005 divided the households into quintiles based on their socioeconomic status, and the report remarked that “within the bottom quintile of the rural households a significantly larger proportion is female-headed compared with the highest quintile where male-headed households predominate”. In addition, in the urban households, 44 per cent of the female heads are in the bottom three quintiles, as opposed to only 18.6 per cent of the male heads. The report concluded that, “as one moves up from the poorest to the wealthiest household groups there is consistent increase in the number of male-headed households” (p. 24).

235. The condition of women in Grenada is progressing steadily. In the period 2008 to 2011, specific action to deal with the achievement of obligations under the Convention will be forefront on the national agenda. In particular, the national machinery will be strengthened, mechanisms will be clarified and developed and measures to achieve de facto equality will be undertaken.

236. As the Government and people of Grenada continue to work towards gender equality, commitment to achieving the ideals of the Convention is evident.

Table 1

Census year	Male	Female	*Total*
1871	18 280	19 404	37 684
1881	20 074	22 329	42 403
1891	25 535	27 674	53 209
1901	29 986	33 452	63 438
1911	30 398	36 352	66 750
1921	28 847	37 455	66 302
1946	31 834	40 553	72 387
1960	40 660	48 017	88 677
1970	43 692	49 083	92 775
1981	42 943	46 145	89 088
1991	47 030	48 467	95 497
2001	51 378	51 765	103 143

Table 2

Age group		1991			2001
Age group	Men	Women	*Total*	Men	Women	*Total*
Total	47 030	48 567	95 597	51 378	51 765	103 143
0–4	6 340	6 223	12 563	5 067	4 849	9 916
5–9	6 693	6 448	13 141	5 459	5 380	10 839
10–14	5 537	5 469	11 006	6 374	6 343	12 717
15–19	4 822	4 627	9 449	5 435	5 678	11 113
20–24	3 870	3 743	7 613	3 867	3 756	7 623
25–29	3 829	3 746	7 575	3 499	3 241	6 740
30–34	3 368	3 427	6 795	3 287	3 222	6 509
35–39	2 576	2 448	5 024	3 652	3 432	7 084
40–44	1 800	1 794	3 594	3 385	3 156	6 541
45–49	1 404	1 567	2 971	2 569	2 332	4 901
50–54	1 322	1 535	2 857	1 861	1 831	3 692
55–59	1 232	1 444	2 676	1 332	1 425	2 757
60–64	1 293	1 564	2 857	1 506	1 727	3 233
65–69	1 061	1 524	2 585	1 464	1 698	3 162
70+	1 883	3 008	4 891	2 621	3 695	6 316

Table 3

Parish	Land area			Population density
Parish	(km sq)	1960	1970	1981	1991	2001
St. George’s	65	413	459	452	492	570
St. John’s	35	227	246	238	250	245
St. Mark’s	25	157	158	159	154	160
St. Patrick’s	42	270	268	241	241	254
St. Andrew’s	99	226	228	227	244	259
St. David’s	44	212	241	232	250	252
Carriacou	34	205	175	137	168	179
Grenada	344	258	270	259	278	300

Table 4

Parish	1991			2001
Parish	Male	Female	*Total*	Male	Female	*Total*
St. George’s (Town)	2 127	2 494	4 621	1 861	2 066	3 927
St. George’s (Rest)	13 293	14 080	27 373	16 165	16 968	33 133
St. John’s	4 394	4 358	8 752	4 372	4 219	8 591
St. Mark’s	1 900	1 961	3 861	1 990	2 002	3 992
St. Patrick’s	4 982	5 136	10 118	5 310	5 365	10 675
St. Andrew’s	12 005	12 130	24 135	13 023	12 638	25 661
St. David’s	5 531	5 480	11 011	5 571	5 506	11 077
Carriacou	2 798	2 928	5 726	3 047	3 034	6 081
Total	47 030	48 567	95 597	51 339	51 798	103 137

Table 5

Constituency	Number of registered voters				Number of persons who voted
Constituency	Male	Female	*Total*	Female as %age of total	Male	Female	*Total*	Female as %age of total
Town of St. George	2 016	2 342	4 358	53.7%	1 144	1 268	2 412	52.6%
St. George North East	3 020	3 263	6 283	51.9%	1 768	1 973	3 741	52.7%
St. George North West	2 026	2 118	4 144	51.1%	1 240	1 435	2 675	53.6%
St. George South	2 972	3 429	6 401	53.6%	1 715	2 055	3 770	54.5%
St. George South East	2 164	2 276	4 440	51.3%	1 227	1 472	2 699	54.5%
St. David	3 978	3 961	7 939	49.9%	2 592	2 539	5 131	49.5%
St. Andrew South East	2 576	2 584	5 160	50.1%	1 558	1 533	3 091	49.6%
St. Andrew South West	2 576	2 584	5 160	50.1%	1 558	1 533	3 091	49.6%
St. Andrew North East	2 216	2 082	4 298	48.4%	1 368	1 255	2 623	47.8%
St. Andrew North West	2 111	1 859	3 970	46.8%	1 400	1 224	2 624	46.6%
St. Patrick East	1 626	1 634	3 260	50.1%	996	1 054	2 050	51.4%
St. Patrick West	2 185	2 215	4 400	50.3%	1 356	1 375	2 731	50.3%
St. Mark	1 564	1 558	3 122	49.9%	984	1 017	2 001	50.8%
St. John	3 070	2 951	6 021	49.0%	1 906	1 995	3 901	51.1%
Carriacou & Petite Martinique	1 858	1 900	3 758	50.6%	1 107	1 171	2 278	51.4%
Total	35 958	36 756	72 714	50.5%	21 919	22 899	44 818	51.1%

Table 6

Election year	Number of nominated candidates				Number of seats won
Election year	Women	Men	*Total*	Women nominated (as %age of total)	Women	Men	*Total*	Women elected (as %age of total seats)
1990	5	71	76	6.6%	2	13	15	13.3%
1995	9	73	82	11.0%	3	12	15	20.0%
1999	9	36	45	20.0%	4	11	15	26.7%
2003	12	52	64	18.8%	4	11	15	26.7%

Table 7

Leadership position	Number of nominated candidates						Number of seats won
	1991		1995		1999		2003		2007
	F	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F	M
Governor General	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1
Prime Minister	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1
Leader of the Opposition	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1
President of the Senate	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1
Speaker of the House of Representatives	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1
Members of the House of Representatives	2	13	3	12	4	11	4	11	4	11
Members of the Senate (includes the President)	1	12	1	12	1	12	5	8	4	9
Members of Cabinet	1	9	2	12	3	10	5	6	6	7

Table 8

	Name of statutory body	Number of board members			%age of members female	Chairperson	Manager/ head of admin.
	Name of statutory body	Female	Male	*Total*	%age of members female	Chairperson	Manager/ head of admin.
1	Gravel, Concrete and Emulsion Production Corporation	1	6	7	14.3	F	M
2	Grenada Airports Authority	2	7	9	22.2	M	M
3	Grenada Board of Tourism	3	9	12	25.0	M	M
4	Grenada Bureau of Standards	2	12	14	14.3	M	M
5	Grenada Cocoa Association	0	9	9	0.0	M	M
6	Grenada Commercial Fisheries Ltd	0	7	7	0.0	M	M
7	Grenada Co-operative Nutmeg Association	0	9	9	0.0	M	M
8	Grenada Cultural Foundation	0	7	7	0.0	M	M
9	Grenada Food and Nutrition Council	9	1	10	90.0	F	F
10	Grenada Industrial Development Corporation	2	7	9	22.2	M	F
11	Grenada International Financial Services Authority	2	5	7	28.6	M	M
12	Grenada National Lottery Authority	2	4	6	33.3	M	F
13	Grenada Ports Authority	2	6	8	25.0	M	M
14	Grenada Postal Corporation	0	5	5	0.0	M	M
15	Grenada Solid Waste Management Authority	3	5	8	37.5	F	M
16	Housing Authority of Grenada	1	7	8	12.5	M	M
17	Marketing and National Importing Board	2	6	8	25.0	M	M
18	National Insurance Scheme	1	5	6	16.7	M	M
19	National Telecommunications Regulatory Commission	1	4	5	20.0	M	M
	Total	33	121	154	21.4	3 females	3 females
	Percentage of total	21.4	78.6	-	-	16%	16%

Table 9

Academic year ending	Primary school				Secondary school
Academic year ending	Male	Female	*Total*	% female	Male	Female	*Total*	% female
1997	123	62	185	33.5%	23	33	56	58.9%
1998	153	80	233	34.3%	23	37	60	61.7%
1999	126	76	202	37.6%	12	22	34	64.7%
2000	90	49	139	35.3%	44	58	102	56.9%
2001	76	33	109	30.3%	47	56	103	54.4%
2002	65	52	117	44.4%	70	77	147	52.4%
2003	34	19	53	35.8%	93	121	214	56.5%

Table 10

Census year	Primary schools		Secondary schools
Public	Private		Public	Private
1996	83	n/a		53	n/a
1997	82	n/a		58	n/a
1998	81	88		54	n/a
1999	74	83		57	n/a
2000	76	91		59	45
2001	76	87		62	46
2002	74	90		59	63
2003	76	91		63	67
2004	75	88		61	40

Table 11

Academic year ending	All teachers				Trained teachers
Academic year ending	# of males	# of females	*Total number*	%age female	# of males	# of females	*Total number*	%age females
1999	209	605	814	74.3%	127	391	518	75.5%
2000	195	601	796	75.5%	117	418	535	78.1%
2001	182	583	765	76.2%	118	418	536	78.0%
2002	198	567	765	74.1%	124	423	547	77.3%
2003	198	567	765	74.1%	127	419	546	76.7%
2004	189	578	767	75.4%	128	417	545	76.5%

Table 12

Academic year ending	All teachers				Trained teachers
Academic year ending	# of males	# of females	*Total number*	%age female	# of males	# of females	*Total number*	%age females
1999	168	224	392	57.1%	38	85	123	69.1%
2000	167	239	406	58.9%	42	81	123	65.9%
2001	169	270	439	61.5%	54	80	134	59.7%
2002	188	271	459	59.0%	44	79	123	64.2%
2003	188	318	506	62.8%	51	93	144	64.6%
2004	214	333	547	60.9%	65	127	192	66.1%

Table 13

Academic year ending	All teachers				Graduate teachers
Academic year ending	Males	Females	*Total*	%age female	Males	Females	*Total*	%age females
1999	168	224	392	57.1%	45	59	104	56.7%
2000	167	239	406	58.9%	41	59	100	59.0%
2001	169	270	439	61.5%	39	59	98	60.2%
2002	188	271	459	59.0%	40	63	103	61.2%
2003	188	318	506	62.8%	29	64	93	68.8%
2004	214	333	547	60.9%	33	52	85	61.2%

Table 14

Number of students who sat and passed ordinary level subjects in 2003–2004

	Category	Number of students			% female
	Category	Male	Female	*Total*	% female
Sat O’Level exams	A	765	1 095	1 860	58.9%
Sat 4 or more O’Level exams, including English	B	613	943	1 556	60.6%
Passed 4 or more O’Level exams, including English	C	210	482	692	69.7%
Passed 4 or more O’Level exams, including English and Maths	D	105	196	301	65.1%

Note: The “Category” column was created in the corresponding table above for use in the Chart.

Table 15

Subject	Students entering
Subject	Female	Male	*Total*	%age female
Agricultural Science (Animal Science)	199	220	419	47
Agricultural Science (Crops and soils)	212	119	331	64
Biology	260	146	406	64
Building Technology – Construction	7	135	142	5
Building Technology – Woods	8	58	66	12
Caribbean History	242	163	405	60
Chemistry	147	81	228	64
Clothing and textiles	82	8	90	91
Electrical and Electronic Technology	16	114	130	12
English A	1 104	701	1 805	61
English B	296	53	349	85
Food and nutrition	261	16	277	94
French	156	32	188	83
Geography	230	225	455	51
Home Economics Management	50	5	55	91
Human and Social Biology	49	54	103	48
Information Technology	274	228	502	55
Integrated Science	362	318	680	53
Mathematics	696	527	1 223	57
Mechanical Engineering Technology	1	7	8	13
Office procedures	333	144	477	70
Physics	92	109	201	46
Principles of accounts	226	99	325	70
Principles of business	602	373	975	62
Religious Education	56	16	72	78
Social studies	749	395	1 144	65
Spanish	150	65	215	70
Technical drawing	51	173	224	23
Typewriting	18	3	21	86
Visual Arts	28	35	63	44

Table 16

Enrolment in programmes at St Patrick’s Multi-Purpose Training Centre 2000–2004

Programme	2000/01			2001/02			2002/03			2003/04
Programme	*Total*	# fem.	% fem.	*Total*	# fem.	% fem.	*Total*	# fem.	% fem.	*Total*	# fem.	% fem.
Secretarial studies	20	20	100	12	12	100	7	7	100	12	12	100
Home economics	32	31	97	24	23	96	30	29	97	24	23	96
Building construction	13	0	0	14	1	7	16	1	6	14	1	7
Furniture making and design	8	0	0	8	0	0	12	0	0	8	0	0
Auto repairs	2	1	50	11	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Auto electrical	12	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	11	0	0
Auto welding	12	0	0	7	1	14	9	1	11	7	1	14
Drafting	8	1	13	5	0	0	0	0	0	5	0	0
Masonry craft	17	0	0	12	0	0	12	0	0	12	0	0
Electrical/ Electronics	17	1	6	13	2	15	9	1	11	13	2	15
Total	141	54	38	106	39	37	95	39	41	106	39	37

Table 17

Enrolment in programmes at New Life Organization Training Centre 2000–2004

Programme	2000/01			2001/02			2002/03			2003/04
Programme	*Total*	# fem.	% fem.	*Total*	# fem.	% fem.	*Total*	# fem.	% fem.	*Total*	# fem.	% fem.
Adolescent development	59	21	36	89	42	47	78	29	37	117	48	41
Electrical	30	0	0	30	0	0	25	0	0	23	0	0
Electronics	24	0	0	24	0	0	22	0	0	23	0	0
Masonry	17	1	6	18	1	6	17	2	12	15	1	7
Fisheries education	8	0	0	12	0	0	10	0	0	7	0	0
Sewing	11	10	91	12	10	83	10	10	100	12	11	92
Cosmetology	21	19	90	25	21	84	20	18	90	22	19	86
Child care	3	0	0	10	0	0	10	0	0	9	0	0
Health care	12	9	75	18	17	94	15	14	0	13	13	0
Hospitality Arts	30	22	73	40	36	0	34	32	0	36	34	94
Office skills	12	9	75	18	15	83	15	13	87	14	8	57
Plumbing	27	0	0	27	0	0	25	0	0	26	0	0
Woodwork	17	0	0	25	0	0	20	0	0	18	0	0
General maintenance	15	1	7	23	1	4	21	1	5	19	0	0
Total	286	92	32	371	143	39	322	119	37	354	134	38

Table 18

Enrolment in skills programmes at T.A. Marryshow Community College 2000–2004

Programme	2000/01			2001/02			2002/03			2003/04
Programme	*Total*	# fem.	% fem.	*Total*	# fem.	% fem.	*Total*	# fem.	% fem.	*Total*	# fem.	% fem.
Secretarial Science	114	114	100	150	150	100	174	174	100	69	69	100
Technical Education^[24]	188	7	4	277	14	5	493	59	12	426	143	34
Hospitality Arts	30	27	90	40	37	93	24	22	92	37	37	100
Foundation, adult and continuing education^[25]	642	410	64	0	0	0	774	575	74	588	321	55
Total	974	558	57	467	201	43	1 465	830	57	1 120	570	51

Table 19

Indicators	1991	1994	1996	1998	2001	2005
Labour force	27 701	41 497	42 250	41 015	41 876	46 969
Male	17 297	22 880	22 679	23 171	24 822	25 581
Female	10 404	18 617	19 571	17 844	17 054	21 388
Employed labour force	23 859	30 409	35 078	34 787	37 741	38 172
Male	14 778	18 706	20 351	20 731	22 489	22 409
Female	9 081	11 703	14 727	14 056	15 252	15 763
Unemployed labour force	3 842	11 088	7 212	6 228	4 137	8 797
Male	2 519	4 174	2 328	2 440	2 336	3 172
Female	1 323	6 914	4 884	3 788	1 801	5 625
Levels of unemployment
Youth (under 25 yrs)	1 761	4 650	3 084	3 050	1 849	3 434
Male	1 121	1 786	1 149	1 389	1 006	1 409
Female	640	2 864	1 935	1 661	843	2 025
Adult	2 036	6 438	4 088	3 178	2 288	5 363
Male	1 398	2 388	1 179	1 051	1 330	1 763
Female	638	4 050	2 909	2 127	958	3 600
Unemployment rate (%)	13.9	26.7	17.0	15.2	9.9	18.8
Male	14.6	18.2	10.3	10.5	9.8	12.4
Female	12.7	37.1	24.8	21.2	9.9	26.3
Youth	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	20.3	32.9
Participation rate	52.4	56.7	68.1	65.0	60.1	65.7
Male	67.6	62.5	75.1	75.6	71.9	72.5
Female	38.2	50.8	61.5	55.0	48.8	59.1

Table 20

Labour force participation and employment status of household heads by sex and socio-economic status

	% Poor			% Non-poor
	Male	Female	*Total*	Male	Female	*Total*
Employed	86.1	79.0	82.7	91.8	87.5	90.0
Unemployment rate	13.9	21.0	17.3	8.2	12.5	10.0
Participant	89.1	76.1	82.4	84.2	68.8	76.9
Non-participant	10.9	23.9	17.6	15.8	31.2	23.0

Table 21

Employed by occupational group 1991	*Total No.*	Employed males			Employed females
Employed by occupational group 1991	*Total No.*	No.	As % of occ. group	As % of employed males	No.	As % of occ. group	As % of employed females
Total	23 859	14 778	62%	100.0%	9 081	38%	100.0%
Legislators, senior officials, managers	817	588	72%	4.0%	229	28%	2.5%
Professionals	489	306	63%	2.1%	183	37%	2.0%
Technical/associate professionals	3 125	1 452	46%	9.8%	1 673	54%	18.4%
Clerks	2 134	519	24%	3.5%	1 615	76%	17.8%
Service and shop sales	3 655	2 008	55%	13.6%	1 647	45%	18.1%
Agriculture, forestry, fisheries	1 718	1 518	88%	10.3%	200	12%	2.2%
Craft and related workers	4 073	3 656	90%	24.7%	417	10%	4.6%
Plant/machine operators	1 215	1 040	86%	7.0%	175	14%	1.9%
Elementary occupations	5 992	3 234	54%	21.9%	2 758	46%	30.4%
Not stated	641	457	71%	3.1%	184	29%	2.0%

Table 22

Employed by occupational group 2001	*Total No.*	Employed males			Employed females
Employed by occupational group 2001	*Total No.*	No.	As % of occ. group	As % of all employed males	No.	As % of occ. group	As % of all employed females
Total	36 123	21 455	59%	100.0%	14 668	41%	100.0%
Armed forces	23	18	78%	0.1%	5	22%	0.0%
Legislators, senior officials, managers	2 186	1 095	50%	5.1%	1 091	50%	7.4%
Professionals	872	528	61%	2.5%	344	39%	2.3%
Technical/associate professionals	3 804	1 732	46%	8.1%	2 072	54%	14.1%
Clerks	3 244	692	21%	3.2%	2 552	79%	17.4%
Service and shop sales	6 690	2 869	43%	13.4%	3 821	57%	26.0%
Agriculture, forestry, fisheries	2 715	2 349	87%	10.9%	366	13%	2.5%
Craft and related workers	6 562	5 959	91%	27.8%	603	9%	4.1%
Plant/machine operators	2 127	1 863	88%	8.7%	264	12%	1.8%
Elementary occupations	7 900	4 350	55%	20.3%	3 550	45%	24.2%

Table 23

Employed by industrial group 1991	*Total*	Males		Females
Employed by industrial group 1991	*Total*	No.	% of group	No.	% of group
Total	23 859	14 778	61.9%	9 081	38.1%
Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing	3 504	2 622	74.8%	882	25.2%
Mining and quarrying	123	74	60.2%	49	39.8%
Manufacturing	1 826	1 050	57.5%	776	42.5%
Electricity, gas and water	348	309	88.8%	39	11.2%
Construction	3 017	2 850	94.5%	167	5.5%
Wholesale and retail trade	4 236	2 264	53.4%	1 972	46.6%
Hotels and restaurants	842	358	42.5%	484	57.5%
Transport, storage and communication	1 600	1 302	81.4%	298	18.6%
Finance/insurance/real estate	862	367	42.6%	495	57.4%
Public administration and defence	1 729	1 097	63.4%	632	36.6%
Other community, social and personal service activities	3 276	1 367	41.7%	1 909	58.3%
Other services	1 485	424	28.6%	1 061	71.4%
Not stated	1 011	694	68.6%	317	31.4%

Table 24

Employed by industrial group 2001	*Total*	Males		Females
Employed by industrial group 2001	*Total*	No.	% of group	No.	% of group
Total	34 003	20 249	59.6%	13 754	40.4%
Agriculture, hunting and forestry	3 652	2 629	72.0%	1 023	28.0%
Fishing	694	681	98.1%	13	1.9%
Mining and quarrying	66	46	69.7%	20	30.3%
Manufacturing	2 407	1 391	57.8%	1 016	42.2%
Electricity, gas and water	389	329	84.6%	60	15.4%
Construction	6 063	5 798	95.6%	265	4.4%
Wholesale and retail trade	6 637	2 924	44.1%	3 713	55.9%
Hotels and restaurants	1 854	724	39.1%	1 130	60.9%
Transport, storage and communication	2 474	2 039	82.4%	435	17.6%
Financial intermediation	985	386	39.2%	599	60.8%
Real estate, rent and business activities	964	482	50.0%	482	50.0%
Public administration and defence	1 922	1 144	59.5%	778	40.5%
Education	2 449	736	30.1%	1 713	69.9%
Health and social work	1 252	249	19.9%	1 003	80.1%
Other community, social and personal service activities	1 101	623	56.6%	478	43.4%
Private households with employed persons	1 093	68	6.2%	1 025	93.8%
Extra-territorial organizations and bodies	1	0	0.0%	1	100.0%

Table 25

Percentage distribution of the employed population by employer, sex and age group

	Government	Statutory body	Private business	Self-employed	Private person/ household	Other
Male	11.5	3.5	54.1	20.2	6.6	4.2
15–29	10.1	2.4	65.3	7.6	10.0	4.5
30–49	15.0	4.8	49.4	22.5	4.8	3.6
50–64	7.1	3.1	50.3	31.9	4.6	2.9
65+	0.0	0.0	32.8	48.4	6.6	12.3
Female	23.0	6.0	38.8	14.5	12.8	4.8
15–29	22.1	7.6	52.9	4.7	8.1	4.6
30–49	25.6	6.6	33.5	15.5	13.4	5.4
50–64	25.4	1.9	32.2	20.6	18.4	1.4
65+	0.0	0.0	11.6	54.7	24.8	9.0

Table 26

Age group	% Unemployed	Male	Female
15–19	41.7	34.9	53.7
20–24	25.8	18.8	33.3
25–29	16.6	8.9	27.3
30–34	13.8	6.9	21.4
35–39	9.7	6.9	12.8
40–44	8.0	3.9	13.0
45–49	2.4	2.2	2.7
50–54	11.5	9.3	13.5
55–59	8.4	9.4	12.5
60–64	4.9	3.0	14.9

Table 27

Year	Infant mortality rate (‘000)	Crude birth rate (‘000)	Crude death rate (‘000)	Rate of natural increase (‘000)
1990	27.8	25.9	8.5	17.3
1991	10.1	26.0	7.0	19.0
1992	10.5	24.6	6.8	17.8
1993	14.4	22.9	7.7	15.2
1994	14.6	23.0	7.9	15.1
1995	12.7	23.2	8.2	15.0
1996	14.3	21.3	7.9	13.4
1997	14.1	22.0	8.2	14.9
1998	19.1	19.4	8.2	11.2
1999	15.2	18.3	7.9	10.4
2000	14.3	18.6	7.1	11.5
2001	17.4	18.4	7.0	11.4
2002	20.5	16.9	8.6	8.4
2003	11.9	17.7	7.8	10.0
2004	10.2	16.8	8.4	8.4
2005	8.3	19.5	7.9	11.6
2006	12.6	15.6	7.2	8.4

Table 28

Causes of death	Male	Female	*Total*
Diseases of the heart	83	103	186
Benign neoplasms	28	37	65
Cerebrovascular diseases	23	33	56
Diabetes mellitus	20	36	56
Accidents	25	9	34
Influenza and pneumonia	17	17	34
Certain conditions originating in the pantile period	13	18	31
Malignant neoplasms	9	14	23
Bronchitis, emphysema asthma	9	7	16
Mental disorders	9	1	10
Nephritis, nephritic syndrome and nephrosis	6	4	10
Total	242	279	521

Table 29

Causes of death	Male	Female	*Total*
Malignant neoplasms	104	60	164
Diseases of the pulmonary circulation and other forms of heart diseases	41	53	94
Endocrine and metabolic diseases	39	45	84
Diseases of the respiratory system	43	24	67
Cerebrovascular diseases	33	31	64
Ischaemic heart diseases	22	24	46
Diseases of the digestive system	22	12	34
External causes of morbidity and mortality	24	10	34
Hypertensive diseases	9	15	24
Diseases of the genitourinary system	18	6	24
Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period	18	6	24
Total	373	286	659

Table 30

Year	HIV cases			AIDS cases			AIDS related deaths
Year	Male	Female	*Total*	Male	Female	*Total*	Male	Female	*Total*
Unknown							1	0	1
1984	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	1
1985	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	1
1986	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1
1987	6	2	8	5	1	6	3	1	4
1988	7	2	9	0	2	2	0	1	1
1989	8	2	10	6	1	7	4	1	5
1990	6	3	9	4	0	4	5	0	5
1991	7	4	11	7	4	11	3	3	6
1992	10	3	13	5	3	8	3	3	6
1993	14	9	23	17	2	19	16	1	17
1994	6	8	14	2	4	6	4	4	8
1995	16	7	23	11	3	14	11	4	15
1996	11	8	19	15	7	22	7	4	11
1997	9	10	19	8	4	12	7	2	9
1998	10	4	14	6	1	7	7	3	10
1999	8	3	11	8	1	9	11	2	13
2000	12	7	19	5	1	6	3	1	4
2001	10	5	15	6	2	8	6	1	7
2002	11	4	15	4	3	7	3	2	5
2003	7	9	16	13	10	23	9	3	12
2004	14	4	18	10	3	13	5	1	6
2005	9	3	12	5	2	7	5	5	10
2006	16	12	28	9	5	14	5	2	7
Grand total	199	110	309	148	60	208	120	45	165

Table 31

Percent distribution of households by time to reach commodities and services

Commodity or service	Distance from nearest commodity or service (in minutes)
	<15			15–29			30–44			45–60			60+
	R	RP	U	R	RP	U	R	RP	U	R	RP	U	R	RP	U
Drinking water supply	98.7	96.1	100.0	1.0	2.1	0.0	0.2	1.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.5	0.0
Day care or nursery school	37.7	33.9	95.8	41.9	44.0	4.2	12.0	12.8	0.0	2.7	1.1	0.0	5.7	8.1	0.0
Pre-school	53.0	45.8	94.2	37.7	46.6	5.8	8.2	6.5	0.0	0.7	0.5	0.0	0.4	0.5	0.0
Primary school	44.4	35.1	92.5	44.5	55.3	7.5	9.5	8.5	0.0	0.7	0.6	0.0	0.9	0.5	0.0
Secondary school	20.1	20.9	89.2	39.1	34.8	10.8	30.7	33.0	0.0	6.5	6.8	0.0	3.7	4.4	0.0
Health clinic or hospital	26.1	20.9	69.8	40.6	46.1	25.2	25.7	24.0	5.0	3.7	4.4	0.0	3.9	4.6	0.0
Food or supermarket	55.3	41.6	85.8	27.3	41.1	12.5	14.2	14.4	1.7	1.4	1.1	0.0	1.7	1.7	0.0
Public transportation	86.4	85.0	97.5	10.4	12.1	1.7	2.7	2.3	0.0	0.4	0.0	0.8	0.2	0.5	0.0
Police station	20.2	9.8	62.1	36.6	32.2	32.1	32.4	46.9	5.8	7.4	7.0	0.0	3.5	4.1	0.0
All weather road	99.0	99.4	100.0	0.6	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.6	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0

Table 32

Percentage distribution of households by marital status of the head of household

Marital status	Male head	Female head	*Total*
Not in union	29.5	48.3	38.4
Legally married	40.0	12.3	27.0
Common law union	18.3	14.9	16.7
Visiting relationship	6.3	10.3	8.2
Widowed/divorced/separated	5.2	13.7	9.2

Table 33

Land holding	Male head	Female head	*Total*
None	49.4	50.6	100
<1 acre	53.2	46.8	100
1–1.99 acres	59.7	40.3	100
2–3.99 acres	91.2	8.8	100
4–5.99 acres	79.4	20.6	100
6+ acres	52.4	47.6	100

Table 34

Year	Defilement of a female		Incest		Indecent assault		Rape		Unlawful carnal knowledge		*Total*
Year	Rep	Det	Rep	Det	Rep	Det	Rep	Det	Rep	Det	*Total*
1997	23	22	6	5	55	45	28	25	1	1	211
1998	29	25	5	5	54	36	35	21	3	2	215
1999	38	25	4	4	57	39	22	11	2	2	204
2000	28	22	4	3	50	35	21	14	2	2	181
2001	36	30	7	7	59	46	21	18	0	0	224
2002	44	33	13	12	71	56	29	21	3	3	285
2003	27	22	5	5	42	27	17	15	0	0	160
2004	41	31	2	2	54	37	19	14	1	1	202
2005	48	38	13	13	67	52	23	15	0	0	269
2006	34	28	2	2	42	33	21	15	0	0	177

[*] In accordance with the information transmitted to the States parties regarding the processing of their reports, the present document was not formally edited before being sent to the United Nations translation services.

^[3] Source: Grenada Poverty Eradication Strategy of the Ministry of Finance submitted to the IMF in March 2006.

^[4] Source: Budget Speech for 2005 by the Minister of Finance and the OECS Macro-Socio-Economic Assessment of the Damages caused by Hurricane Ivan.

^[5] Source: The Concluding Statement of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) 2005 Article IV Consultation on Grenada, presented on May 12, 2005.

^[8] The Symposium was held on March 23, 1991 under the theme: “Women on the Move for Betterment”. A document entitled “Report on National Symposium on the Status of Women in Grenada, Carriacou and Petite Martinique” was prepared by the Department of Women’s Affairs.

^[9] Focus group with Leaders of non-governmental organizations held by the author of this report on 2 October 2008.

^[10] Focus group discussion with women in St Andrew’s held by the author of this report on 2 October 2008.

^[11] Focus group discussion with women in St Andrew’s held by the author of this report on 2 October 2008.

^[12] Material and ideological levels are used here as described by Professor Violet Eudine Barriteau, University of the West Indies.

^[14] Based on a review of the Crime Reduction Strategy for Grenada (March 2006).

^[16] University of the West Indies School of Continuing Studies – Grenada Centre, which manages this award programme.

^[18] Enrolment at the University of the West Indies School of Continuing Studies in Grenada where distance education learning and online programmes are available.

^[19] University of the West Indies School of Continuing Studies – Grenada Centre.

^[20] National Strategic Plan for Health (2006–2010) – Situational Analysis.

^[23] National Strategic Plan for Health (2006–2010) – Situational Analysis.

^[25] “Foundation Adult and Continuing Education” includes Literacy Programmes and Courses for Primary School Leaving Examinations and Ordinary Level Examinations, offered as evening classes in diverse locations throughout the country.

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	United Nations	CEDAW/C/GRD/1-5
	Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women		Distr.: General 13 April 2011 Original: English

United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women - State Party Reports