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United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination - States Parties Reports

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Japan - Annex to State Party Report [2013] UNCERDSPR 15; INT/CERD/ADR/JPN/16675 (10 July 2013)




Annex 1: Number of persons who belong to a household receiving public assistance of which the head is a foreign national
Number of persons who receive public assistance
Ratio of persons subject to public assistance
Number of persons who belong to a household receiving public assistance of which the head is a foreign national
(Average in FY)
 
(Average in FY)
 
 
 
FY
Persons
%
Persons
2006
 
 
 
1,513,892
1.18
48,418
2007
 
 
 
1,543,321
1.21
49,839
2008
 
 
 
1,592,620
1.25
51,441
2009
 
 
 
1,763,572
1.38
60,956
2010
 
 
 
1,952,063
1.52
68,965
Notes:
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
.
The number of persons who receive public assistance includes foreign nationals who receive public assistance.
2
.
The ratio of persons subject to public assistance is the percentage of persons out of the estimated population who receive public assistance (Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications) as of October 1 of each year.
3
.
The number of persons who belong to a household receiving public assistance of which the head is a foreign national includes the cases where a member of a household other than the head thereof has Japanese nationality.
Annex 2: Change in the number of registered foreign nationals by region





(As of the end of each year)
Region
 
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
 
 
 
Composition ratio (%)
Rate of change compared to the end of the previous year (%)
Total
 
2,152,973
2,217,426
2,186,121
2,134,151
2,078,508
100.0
-2.6
Asia
 
1,602,984
1,670,150
1,688,865
1,681,469
1,653,679
79.6
-1.7
South America
 
393,842
389,399
340,857
300,142
277,220
13.3
-7.6
North America
 
67,195
67,729
66,876
64,653
63,250
3.0
-2.2
Europe
 
60,723
61,875
61,721
60,975
58,427
2.8
-4.2
Oceania
 
15,191
14,709
14,179
13,548
12,860
0.6
-5.1
Africa
 
11,465
12,039
12,226
12,130
11,972
0.6
-1.3
No nationality
 
1,573
1,525
1,397
1,234
1,100
0.1
-10.9
INT_CERD_ADR_JPN_16675_E00.wmf
Note: The classification of region is based on the classification in the United Nations Statistical Yearbook.


Annex 3: Change in the number of registered foreign nationals by nationality (country of origin)




(As of the end of each year)
Nationality (country of origin)
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Total
 
2,152,973
2,217,426
2,186,121
2,134,151
2,078,508
China
606,889
655,377
680,518
687,156
674,879
 
Composition ratio (%)
28.2
29.6
31.1
32.2
32.5
Korea
593,489
589,239
578,495
565,989
545,401
 
Composition ratio (%)
27.6
26.6
26.5
26.5
26.2
Brazil
316,967
312,582
267,456
230,552
210,032
 
Composition ratio (%)
14.7
14.1
12.2
10.8
10.1
Philippines
202,592
210,617
211,716
210,181
209,376
 
Composition ratio (%)
9.4
9.5
9.7
9.8
10.1
Peru
59,696
59,723
57,464
54,636
52,843
 
Composition ratio (%)
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.6
2.5
United States
51,851
52,683
52,149
50,667
49,815
 
Composition ratio (%)
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
Vietnam
36,860
41,136
41,000
41,781
44,690
 
Composition ratio (%)
1.7
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.2
Thailand
41,384
42,609
42,686
41,279
42,750
 
Composition ratio (%)
1.9
1.9
2.0
1.9
2.1
Indonesia
25,620
27,250
25,546
24,895
24,660
 
Composition ratio (%)
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
India
20,589
22,335
22,858
22,497
21,501
 
Composition ratio (%)
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.0
No nationality
1,573
1,525
1,397
1,234
1,100
 
Composition ratio (%)
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Other
195,463
202,350
204,836
203,284
201,461
 
Composition ratio (%)
9.1
9.1
9.4
9.5
9.7

Annex 4: Change in the number of foreign nationals by age, by gender, and by marital status

Number of foreign nationals by age (five-year scale) and by gender: Nationwide (1990 to 2010)


1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Total (Note)
886,397
1,140,326
1,310,545
1,555,505
1,648,037
Aged 0-4
39,766
45,631
54,718
51,234
53,507
Aged 5-9
48,701
47,561
47,597
50,363
47,293
Aged 10-14
52,347
53,102
50,876
45,208
48,944
Aged 15-19
66,701
66,029
68,575
68,620
61,589
Aged 20-24
105,759
129,706
137,477
187,404
193,294
Aged 25-29
117,497
173,738
182,668
215,474
211,779
Aged 30-34
95,600
157,769
184,310
201,858
191,837
Aged 35-39
81,351
113,193
151,780
178,326
166,451
Aged 40-44
68,965
89,135
107,913
143,393
150,886
Aged 45-49
52,804
73,422
86,266
103,828
120,650
Aged 50-54
41,448
54,388
69,723
84,051
86,931
Aged 55-59
31,058
40,998
51,513
69,361
67,985
Aged 60-64
25,732
29,175
38,031
50,288
54,105
Aged 65-69
24,403
23,071
26,553
37,230
38,983
Aged 70-74
16,233
20,610
20,202
26,227
28,735
Aged 75-79
10,452
12,331
17,444
19,284
18,596
Aged 80-84
5,108
6,901
9,132
14,081
12,030
Aged 85 or over
2,472
3,566
5,767
9,275
10,582
Male (Note)
445,417
566,739
621,046
726,644
742,300
Aged 0-4
20,261
23,356
27,955
26,190
27,406
Aged 5-9
24,891
24,279
24,214
25,613
24,215
Aged 10-14
26,592
26,976
25,780
22,886
24,678
Aged 15-19
33,359
33,717
34,384
33,614
29,522
Aged 20-24
49,767
61,330
63,383
84,611
85,411
Aged 25-29
59,127
82,399
83,193
100,397
97,746
Aged 30-34
48,015
79,197
82,215
91,626
84,399
Aged 35-39
41,293
56,726
71,060
77,819
69,921
Aged 40-44
36,334
45,280
50,548
64,257
59,659
Aged 45-49
27,121
38,745
42,072
47,286
49,749
Aged 50-54
21,121
28,058
35,800
40,987
37,019
Aged 55-59
15,409
20,750
25,842
35,984
30,791
Aged 60-64
13,058
14,181
18,426
25,488
26,349
Aged 65-69
12,742
11,419
12,323
18,252
18,207
Aged 70-74
8,499
10,253
9,474
12,375
12,896
Aged 75-79
4,877
6,021
8,252
9,083
7,604
Aged 80-84
2,141
2,896
4,092
6,482
4,717
Aged 85 or over
810
1,156
2,033
3,694
3,702
Female (Note)
440,980
573,587
689,499
828,861
905,737
Aged 0-4
19,505
22,275
26,763
25,044
26,101
Aged 5-9
23,810
23,282
23,383
24,750
23,078
Aged 10-14
25,755
26,126
25,096
22,322
24,266
Aged 15-19
33,342
32,312
34,191
35,006
32,067
Aged 20-24
55,992
68,376
74,094
102,793
107,883
Aged 25-29
58,370
91,339
99,475
115,077
114,033
Aged 30-34
47,585
78,572
102,095
110,232
107,438
Aged 35-39
40,058
56,467
80,720
100,507
96,530
Aged 40-44
32,631
43,855
57,365
79,136
91,227
Aged 45-49
25,683
34,677
44,194
56,542
70,901
Aged 50-54
20,327
26,330
33,923
43,064
49,912
Aged 55-59
15,649
20,248
25,671
33,377
37,194
Aged 60-64
12,674
14,994
19,605
24,800
27,756
Aged 65-69
11,661
11,652
14,230
18,978
20,776
Aged 70-74
7,734
10,357
10,728
13,852
15,839
Aged 75-79
5,575
6,310
9,192
10,201
10,992
Aged 80-84
2,967
4,005
5,040
7,599
7,313
Aged 85 or over
1,662
2,410
3,734
5,581
6,880

Sources: Census (Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications)

Note: Including those whose age is "unknown."

Number of foreign nationals aged 15 or over by marital status (four classifications) and by age (five-year scale): Nationwide (1995 to 2010)

Marital status: Unmarried


1995
2000
2005
2010
Total
338,025
375,280
477,863
460,973
Aged 15-19
62,772
65,819
66,309
59,458
Aged 20-24
97,656
109,380
154,648
159,697
Aged 25-29
84,909
91,444
118,007
101,354
Aged 30-34
43,655
49,848
65,525
48,266
Aged 35-39
20,169
23,309
25,545
28,249
Aged 40-44
11,384
12,829
16,557
19,751
Aged 45-49
7,539
8,669
10,681
14,497
Aged 50-54
4,031
6,024
7,940
9,990
Aged 55-59
2,242
3,301
5,668
7,739
Aged 60-64
1,288
1,738
3,067
5,559
Aged 65-69
962
1,062
1,699
2,902
Aged 70-74
701
719
902
1,670
Aged 75-79
382
555
630
878
Aged 80-84
216
313
385
605
Aged 85 or over
119
270
300
358
Male
193,478
203,580
255,095
238,774
Aged 15-19
32,602
33,634
32,996
28,685
Aged 20-24
51,222
54,005
74,500
72,972
Aged 25-29
50,834
50,995
65,586
56,849
Aged 30-34
28,529
29,924
39,100
27,746
Aged 35-39
12,820
14,349
15,147
16,346
Aged 40-44
6,965
7,661
10,001
11,274
Aged 45-49
4,571
5,060
6,120
8,296
Aged 50-54
2,387
3,419
4,591
5,571
Aged 55-59
1,252
1,872
3,232
4,361
Aged 60-64
768
948
1,680
3,217
Aged 65-69
614
606
897
1,638
Aged 70-74
475
437
484
899
Aged 75-79
248
346
376
443
Aged 80-84
138
176
219
308
Aged 85 or over
53
148
166
169
Female
144,547
171,700
222,768
222,199
Aged 15-19
30,170
32,185
33,313
30,773
Aged 20-24
46,434
55,375
80,148
86,725
Aged 25-29
34,075
40,449
52,421
44,505
Aged 30-34
15,126
19,924
26,425
20,520
Aged 35-39
7,349
8,960
10,398
11,903
Aged 40-44
4,419
5,168
6,556
8,477
Aged 45-49
2,968
3,609
4,561
6,201
Aged 50-54
1,644
2,605
3,349
4,419
Aged 55-59
990
1,429
2,436
3,378
Aged 60-64
520
790
1,387
2,342
Aged 65-69
348
456
802
1,264
Aged 70-74
226
282
418
771
Aged 75-79
134
209
254
435
Aged 80-84
78
137
166
297
Aged 85 or over
66
122
134
189

Marital status: Married


1995
2000
2005
2010
Total
563,872
670,644
749,317
780,366
Aged 15-19
1,999
2,609
2,205
963
Aged 20-24
29,173
27,193
31,666
22,166
Aged 25-29
84,033
88,430
94,325
95,627
Aged 30-34
108,062
128,919
129,883
130,064
Aged 35-39
86,778
117,033
128,740
123,689
Aged 40-44
70,425
84,249
105,722
114,113
Aged 45-49
57,147
66,739
75,436
90,365
Aged 50-54
41,967
52,039
58,358
63,427
Aged 55-59
30,191
37,625
44,852
47,711
Aged 60-64
20,003
26,117
31,013
35,928
Aged 65-69
14,188
16,328
20,742
24,446
Aged 70-74
11,153
10,841
12,357
16,101
Aged 75-79
5,655
7,879
7,555
8,596
Aged 80-84
2,348
3,342
4,524
4,486
Aged 85 or over
750
1,301
1,939
2,684
Male
268,079
303,337
321,265
319,830
Aged 15-19
443
681
585
256
Aged 20-24
8,600
9,044
9,746
6,831
Aged 25-29
29,133
31,433
33,863
33,521
Aged 30-34
47,729
50,864
50,876
50,735
Aged 35-39
41,328
51,835
51,184
48,458
Aged 40-44
35,420
38,485
44,531
43,259
Aged 45-49
30,748
32,757
33,184
36,335
Aged 50-54
22,751
27,654
27,995
26,812
Aged 55-59
16,807
20,209
23,542
21,989
Aged 60-64
11,343
14,485
16,594
18,585
Aged 65-69
8,887
9,371
11,663
13,013
Aged 70-74
7,919
6,949
7,336
9,267
Aged 75-79
4,421
5,816
5,046
5,404
Aged 80-84
1,910
2,690
3,527
3,154
Aged 85 or over
640
1,064
1,593
2,211
Female
295,793
367,307
428,052
460,536
Aged 15-19
1,556
1,928
1,620
707
Aged 20-24
20,573
18,149
21,920
15,335
Aged 25-29
54,900
56,997
60,462
62,106
Aged 30-34
60,333
78,055
79,007
79,329
Aged 35-39
45,450
65,198
77,556
75,231
Aged 40-44
35,005
45,764
61,191
70,854
Aged 45-49
26,399
33,982
42,252
54,030
Aged 50-54
19,216
24,385
30,363
36,615
Aged 55-59
13,384
17,416
21,310
25,722
Aged 60-64
8,660
11,632
14,419
17,343
Aged 65-69
5,301
6,957
9,079
11,433
Aged 70-74
3,234
3,892
5,021
6,834
Aged 75-79
1,234
2,063
2,509
3,192
Aged 80-84
438
652
997
1,332
Aged 85 or over
110
237
346
473
Annex 5: Change in the number of registered foreign nationals by status of residence (purpose of residence)





(Person)
year
Status of residence
2,007
2,008
2,009
2,010
2,011
Total
2,152,973
2,217,426
2,186,121
2,134,151
2,078,508
Professor
8,436
8,333
8,295
8,050
7,859
Artist
448
461
490
480
461
Religious Activities
4,732
4,601
4,448
4,232
4,106
Journalist
279
281
271
248
227
Investor/ Business Manager
7,916
8,895
9,840
10,908
11,778
Legal/Accounting Services
145
154
161
178
169
Medical Services
174
199
220
265
322
Researcher
2,276
2,285
2,372
2,266
2,103
Instructor
9,832
10,070
10,129
10,012
10,106
Engineer
44,684
52,273
50,493
46,592
42,634
Specialist in Humanities/International Services
61,763
67,291
69,395
68,467
67,854
Intra-company Transferee
16,111
17,798
16,786
16,140
14,636
Entertainer
15,728
13,031
10,966
9,247
6,265
Skilled labor
21,261
25,863
29,030
30,142
31,751
Technical Intern Training, item (i)(a)
 
 
 
2,707
3,991
Technical Intern Training, item (i)(b)
 
 
 
47,716
57,187
Technical Intern Training, item (ii)(a)
 
 
 
1,848
2,726
Technical Intern Training, item (ii)(b)
 
 
 
47,737
78,090
Cultural Activities
3,014
2,795
2,780
2,637
2,209
Temporary Visitor
49,787
40,407
33,378
29,093
23,978
College Student
132,460
138,514
145,909
201,511
188,605
Pre-college Student
38,130
41,313
46,759
 
 
Trainee
88,086
86,826
65,209
9,343
3,388
Dependent
98,167
107,641
115,081
118,865
119,359
Designated Activities
104,488
121,863
130,636
72,374
22,751
Permanent Resident
439,757
492,056
533,472
565,089
598,440
Spouse or Child of Japanese National
256,980
245,497
221,923
196,248
181,617
Spouse or Child of Permanent Resident
15,365
17,839
19,570
20,251
21,647
Long-Term Resident
268,604
258,498
221,771
194,602
177,983
Special Permanent Resident
430,229
420,305
409,565
399,106
389,085
Persons who have not acquired status of residence
13,960
13,510
12,376
9,874
3,506
Temporary Refuge
30
30
30
30
29
Other
20,131
18,797
14,766
7,893
3,646
Note: The status of residence prescribed in the Immigration Control Act and the status of residence as "Special Permanent Resident" are collectively called "status of residence."
Annex 6: Change in the number of foreign workers by industry and by size of employer





Unit: Person

 
2008
2009
2010
2011

Total number of workers
486,398
562,818
649,982
686,246

By industry
Manufacturing
192,543
218,900
259,362
265,330

Information and communications
18,030
22,077
24,634
26,780

Wholesale and retail trade
43,459
54,923
62,812
69,396

Accommodations, eating and drinking services
50,595
63,775
72,289
74,845

Education, learning support
37,470
42,001
44,531
47,375

Services (not classified in other industries)
95,838
74,080
83,746
89,446

Other
48,463
87,062
102,608
113,074
 
Note: The industrial classification corresponds to the Japan Standard Industrial Classification revised in November 2007.














Unit: Person
 
2008
2009
 
2010
2011
Total number of workers
486,398
562,818
 
649,982
686,246
By size of employer
Less than 50 persons
190,158
235,752
Less than 30 persons
218,464
233,506
50-99 persons
60,455
66,103
30-99 persons
136,690
140,070
100-299 persons
94,685
100,352
100-499 persons
157,395
164,702
300-499 persons
34,528
38,645
500-999 persons
36,677
36,995
500 persons or more
105,402
113,323
1,000 persons or more
48,024
56,279
Unknown
21,871
28,692
Unknown
32,031
34,645







Note: The tabulation classification for the size of the employer was changed in 2010.
 
Source: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, “Situation of Notified Foreign National Employment Status” (as of the end of October of each year)

Annex 7: Change in the number of regulated illegal foreign residents by nationality (country of origin)







 
 
Year
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Nationality
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total
 
 
43213
37434
31062
22579
18951
China (mainland)
11358
10963
9039
6731
5817
Philippines
8786
7847
6211
4871
4083
Korea (excluding North Korea)
6118
4993
3541
2920
2364
Thailand
2419
2020
1781
1440
1062
Vietnam
1476
1708
1314
805
650
Brazil
440
537
378
437
649
Peru
1038
1064
1191
719
566
Indonesia
 
2125
2284
1620
725
434
Sri Lanka
1433
1432
1160
605
432
United States
168
168
102
159
233
No nationality
18
20
15
33
23
Other
7834
4398
4710
3134
2638

Note 1: The number of regulated illegal foreign residents is the total number of those who fell under “illegal entry,” “illegal landing” or “illegal stay” out of the number of cases of violation of the Immigration Control Act (number of cases of delivery and receipt).

Note 2: “China (mainland)” does not include “Taiwan,” “Hong Kong” and “Other.”

Annex 8: Change in the number of deported foreign nationals by nationality (country of origin)





(Person)
Year
Nationality
(country of origin)
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Total
27,913
23,931
18,241
13,224
8,721
China (mainland)
7,516
6,805
5,475
4,266
2,997
Philippines
5,128
4,385
3,194
2,439
1,552
South Korea
3,798
2,873
2,423
1,715
1,171
Thailand
1,553
1,260
1,113
726
479
Vietnam
1,018
1,023
709
569
370
Indonesia
1,452
1,596
885
502
248
Peru
518
495
674
384
222
Brazil
307
268
307
226
204
Sri Lanka
1,090
1,046
684
419
196
Iran
480
358
231
174
140
No nationality
4
3
3
0
1
Other
5,049
3,819
2,543
1,804
1,141
Note: In the table, “China” does not include “Taiwan,” “Hong Kong” and “Other.”
Annex 9: Number of foreign nationals recognized as refugees and those given other refuge by nationality
Recognition








2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Total
41
Total
57
Total
30
Total
39
Total
21
Myanmar
35
Myanmar
54
Myanmar
18
Myanmar
37
Myanmar
18
Iran
3
Other
3
Iran
3
Other
2
Other
3
Other
3
 
 
Afghanistan
3
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other
6
 
 
 
 
Other refuge









2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Total
88
Total
360
Total
501
Total
363
Total
248
Myanmar
69
Myanmar
328
Myanmar
478
Myanmar
356
Myanmar
214
Turkey
7
Other
32
Other
23
Other
7
Other
34
Afghanistan
3
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Burundi
3
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other
6
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 










Past acceptance of resettled refugees







2007
2008
2009
2010
2011



Total
27
Total
18




















Annex 10: Number of persons with refugees status, given other protection or temporary refuge








 
Refugee status
Other Protection
Total
Temporary refuge
Resettled Refugees
Recognized refugees
 
Not recognized as a refugee
1978
3
 
 
 
3
 
1979
94
 
 
 
94
 
1980
396
 
 
 
396
 
1981
1,203
 
 
 
1203
 
1982
456
67
( )
40
 
523
1,059
1983
675
63
( )
177
 
738
801
1984
979
31
( )
114
 
1,010
503
1985
730
10
( )
28
 
740
435
1986
306
3
( )
5
 
309
331
1987
579
6
( )
35
 
585
145
1988
500
12
( )
62
 
512
219
1989
461
2
( )
23
 
463
1,909
1990
734
2
( )
31
 
736
155
1991
780
1
( )
13
7
788
 
1992
792
3
( )
40
2
797
 
1993
558
6
( )
33
3
567
 
1994
456
1
( )
41
9
466
 
1995
231
2
( 1)
32
3
236
 
1996
151
1
( )
43
3
155
 
1997
157
1
( )
80
3
161
 
1998
132
16
( 1)
293
42
190
1
1999
158
16
( 3)
177
44
218
 
2000
135
22
( )
138
36
193
 
2001
131
26
( 2)
316
67
224
1
2002
144
14
( )
211
40
198
6
2003
146
10
( 4)
298
16
172
 
2004
144
15
( 6)
294
9
168
 
2005
88
46
( 15)
249
97
231
 
2006
 
34
( 12)
389
53
87
 
2007
 
41
( 4)
446
88
129
4
2008
 
57
( 17)
791
360
417
 
2009
 
30
( 8)
1,703
501
531
 
2010
27
39
( 13)
1,336
363
429
 
2011
18
21
( 14)
2,002
248
287
10
Total
11,364
598
(100)
 
1,994
13,956
5,579








Note 1: “Resettled refugees” refers to the number of Indochinese refugees (permitted to settle in Japan as foreign nationals who fled to neighboring areas due to a change in the political system of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia pursuant to a Cabinet agreement dated April 28, 1978 and foreign nationals permitted to settle in Japan through family reunification prescribed in provision 3 of the Cabinet agreement dated June 17, 1980) and third-country-resettlement refugees (foreign nationals who were granted temporary refuge in Thailand as refugees and having requested resettlement in a third country were accepted by Japan), and this number is the number of Indochinese refugees from 1978 to 2005 and the number of third-country-resettlement refugees from 2010 onwards. Among this number, there are some foreign nationals who were subsequently recognized as Convention refugees (recognized refugees) after being admitted as resettled refugees and therefore their number is recorded in duplicate in the “total” column.

Note 2: “Recognized refugees” refers to the number of persons recognized as refugees in accordance with the provisions of the Immigration Control Act (the number in parentheses is the number of foreign nationals who were denied recognition of refugee status but were later recognized following the results of a written objection).

Note 3: “Other Protection” refers to those foreign nationals who received a disposition of denial of recognition of refugee status but who were granted special permission to stay pursuant to Article 61-2-2, paragraph (2) of the Immigration Control Act and foreign nationals who were granted residence for protection considering their unique circumstances and were thereby granted permission to make changes to their status of residence.

Note 4: “Temporary refuge” refers to those foreign nationals who were granted landing permission for temporary refuge pursuant to Article 18-2 of the Immigration Control Act, included in which are a considerable number of foreign nationals who subsequently became resettled refugees or recognized refugees.

Annex 11: Statistics on the number of human rights infringement cases and human rights counseling concerning foreign nationals

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Number of counseling cases









 
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Violence and abuse
68
68
58
55
49
47
73
40
39
46
Discriminatory treatment (excluding employment discrimination)               
983
867
711
561
464
380
434
325
291
324
Employment discrimination
61
73
71
54
38
49
40
38
40
35
Compulsion and extortion
91
93
95
100
112
65
76
55
67
62
Total
1,203
1,101
935
770
663
541
623
458
437
467











Efforts










 
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Violence and abuse
22
20
31
26
20
11
16
10
11
14
Discriminatory treatment (excluding employment discrimination)  
48
75
117
135
94
99
91
84
69
60
Employment discrimination
11
12
17
10
15
16
6
15
11
9
Compulsion and extortion
6
21
14
15
12
14
8
10
10
16
Total
87
128
179
186
141
140
121
119
101
99












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